Dynamics

• What is the formula for average speed?

  $v =$$\frac{d}{t}$
• What does instantaneous speed represent?

  Speed of an object at a specific moment
• How can you calculate instantaneous speed?


  $v =$$\frac{\text{card length}}{\text{interrupt time}}$
• What is the difference between distance and displacement?

  Distance measures total travel; displacement is straight line
• How is velocity defined?

  Change in displacement per unit time
• What is the formula for velocity?

  $v =$$\frac{s}{t}$
• What does acceleration measure?

  Change in velocity per unit time
• What is the formula for acceleration?

  $a =$$\frac{v - u}{t}$
• What does an acceleration of 4 ms⁻² indicate?

  Velocity increases by 4 ms⁻¹ each second
• What does an acceleration of -4 ms⁻² indicate?

  Velocity decreases by 4 ms⁻¹ each second
• What do motion graphs represent?

  • Stationary object with positive displacement
  • Constant positive velocity from zero position
  • Constant positive acceleration from zero position
  • Constant negative acceleration from rest with positive displacement
• What are balanced forces responsible for?

  Unchanging motion of an object
• What causes changing motion?

  Unbalanced forces acting on an object
• What does Newton's first law state?

  Objects remain at rest or constant speed unless acted upon
• What does Newton's second law describe?

  Acceleration is proportional to unbalanced force and inversely to mass
• What is the formula for Newton's second law?

  $F =$$ma$
• What does Newton's third law state?

  Every action has an equal and opposite reaction
• What is weight defined as?

  Force an object has towards the ground
• What is the formula for weight?

  $W =$$mg$
• What is terminal velocity?

  Maximum velocity where drag equals gravity
• What is free fall?

  • Motion where gravity is the only force acting
• What happens at terminal velocity?

  • Drag force balances gravitational force
  • No acceleration occurs
• What is the principle of energy conservation?

  Energy cannot be created or destroyed
• What does work done measure?

  Energy transferred when a force moves an object
• What is the formula for work done?

  $E_w =$$Fd$
• What is gravitational potential energy?

  Energy gained when pulled away from gravity
• What is the formula for gravitational potential energy?

  $E_p =$$mgh$
• What is kinetic energy?

  Energy of movement
• What is the formula for kinetic energy?

  $E_k =$$\frac{1}{2} mv^2$
• What are the forms of energy conversion?

  • Energy can be converted from one form to another