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Paper 2
Research methods
Sampling Methods
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Created by
Molly Hutchings
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Cards (14)
What is the target population in research?
The people to
generalize
results to
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What is a sample in research?
A
subset
representing the
target population
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What are the advantages and disadvantages of volunteer sampling?
Advantages:
Convenient and ethical with informed consent
Access to a wide variety of participants
Disadvantages:
Often unrepresentative due to
self-selection
Sample depends on advertisement placement
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What are the advantages and disadvantages of opportunity sampling?
Advantages:
Quick, convenient, and ethical
Requires no prior planning
Disadvantages:
Very unrepresentative and
biased
Limited to a small subgroup of the target population
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What are the advantages and disadvantages of systematic sampling?
Advantages:
Relatively unbiased selection process
Reduces
investigator bias
Disadvantages:
Sample could be biased by chance
Requires access to a full list of the
target population
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What are the advantages and disadvantages of random sampling?
Advantages:
Best chance of a representative sample
Equal chance of selection for all members
Disadvantages:
Time-consuming for large populations
Small samples may still be biased
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What are the advantages and disadvantages of stratified sampling?
Advantages:
More representative due to proportional representation
Deliberate effort to represent
subgroups
Disadvantages:
Time-consuming to identify subcategories
Still has weaknesses of
random sampling
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How does stratified sampling improve representativeness compared to other sampling methods?
It selects participants in proportion to
subgroups
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If a researcher wants to ensure all subgroups are represented, which sampling method should they use?
Stratified sampling
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What is a key characteristic of random sampling?
Each member has an
equal chance
of selection
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What is a potential issue with systematic sampling?
It could be
biased
by
chance selection
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Why might opportunity sampling lead to bias?
Researchers
may choose 'helpful' looking individuals
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What is a disadvantage of volunteer sampling?
It often results in an
unrepresentative sample
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What is a common characteristic of all sampling methods discussed?
They aim to select participants from a
target population
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