Cardiology

• How many chambers does the heart have?

  Four chambers
• What is the significance of the separation of oxygen-poor and oxygen-rich blood in the heart?


  • Ensures oxygen-poor blood is pumped to lungs
  • Allows oxygen-rich blood to circulate to the body
• What is the role of superior papillary muscles in the left ventricle?

  They support the atrioventricular valve to prevent backflow of blood
• What is the left atrium's small ear-like projection called?

  Left auricle
• What happens at the left atrioventricular valve?

  Blood exits the left atrium to the left ventricle
• What is the oxygen level in the right atrium?

  Oxygen-poor
• What is the function of the left auricle of the heart?

  Increases the surface area of the atrium to improve blood collection
• What happens to deoxygenated blood in the right atrium?

  It is pumped into the right ventricle
• What is the function of the tricuspid valve?

  • Allows blood to flow from the right atrium to the right ventricle
  • Prevents backflow of blood from the right ventricle to the right atrium
• What is the oxygen level in the left atrium?

  Oxygen-rich
• What is the oxygen level in the left ventricle?

  Oxygen-rich
• What do tendinous cords attach to?

  • They attach the papillary muscles to the atrioventricular valves
• How does the coronary sinus contribute to the circulatory system?

  It collects deoxygenated blood from the heart muscle and returns it to the right atrium
• How do the walls of the right ventricle compare to the left ventricle?

  Thinner than the left ventricle
• What do papillary muscles support?

  • They support the atrioventricular valves
• What structure does the left pulmonary artery arise from?

  Pulmonary trunk
• What is the apex of the heart?


  The pointed end of the heart
• What is the function of the left atrium?

  It receives oxygenated blood from the lungs
• Why do the tendinous cords need to be attached to the atrioventricular valves?

  To prevent valve inversion during ventricular contraction
• Why does the left ventricle have thick muscle walls?

  To generate high pressure for systemic circulation
• What is the name of the anatomical structure shown in the image?

  Tricuspid valve
• What is the interventricular septum?

  The wall separating the left and right ventricles of the heart
• What are the connections and types associated with the left atrium?

  • Left pulmonary veins: Blood entry
  • Left atrioventricular valve: Blood exit
• What type of blood does the right atrium receive?

  Deoxygenated blood
• What are the main structures of the left atrium and left ventricle of the heart?

  • Left atrium:
  • Receives oxygenated blood from pulmonary veins
  • Has a smooth inner surface
  • Has an auricle extending from it
  • Connects to left ventricle via mitral valve
  • Left ventricle:
  • Receives oxygenated blood from left atrium
  • Has thick muscle walls for powerful contraction
  • Empties into aorta via aortic valve
  • Contains tendinous cords and papillary muscles
  • Ventricular septum separates from right ventricle
  • Apex points downwards and leftwards
• What are the connections and types associated with the left ventricle?

  • Left atrioventricular valve: Blood entry
  • Aorta: Blood exit
• What is the role of the left pulmonary veins in relation to the left atrium?

  They deliver oxygenated blood to the left atrium
• What structures carry oxygenated blood into the left atrium?

  Left pulmonary veins
• What is the primary source of blood for the left atrium?


  Lungs
• What is the oxygen level in the right ventricle?

  Oxygen-poor
• Through which veins does the right atrium receive blood from the body?

  Superior and inferior vena cava
• What type of blood does the left ventricle pump?

  Oxygen-rich blood
• What is the function of the inferior vena cava?

  It carries blood from the lower body
• What is the main artery that the left ventricle pumps blood into?

  Aorta
• How does the left atrium contribute to the heart's function?

  It collects oxygenated blood for circulation
• What would happen if the tricuspid valve was not functioning properly?

  • Backflow of blood from the right ventricle to the right atrium (tricuspid regurgitation)
  • Reduced blood flow from the right atrium to the right ventricle (tricuspid stenosis)
  • Impaired cardiac output and circulatory issues
• How does the structure of the tricuspid valve allow it to perform its function?

  • The valve has three cusps or leaflets that open and close to control the direction of blood flow
  • The cusps are attached to papillary muscles and chordae tendineae that control the opening and closing of the valve
• What is the primary function of the right ventricle?

  Pumps oxygen-poor blood to the lungs
• What are the main functions of the left atrioventricular valve?

  • Prevents backflow of blood from left ventricle to left atrium
  • Allows blood to flow from left atrium to left ventricle during diastole
• Why is the right ventricle's wall structure important for its function?

  It needs to be powerful yet flexible