developement and learning

• What is a cross-sectional study?

  Research comparing different ages at one time
• What is a longitudinal study?

  Research following and retesting the same people
• What does lifespan refer to in development?

  Duration of an individual's life from birth to death
• What is the focus of stability vs change in development?

  Which traits persist and how we age
• What does nature vs nurture examine?

  Interaction of genetics and experiences in development
• What is the difference between continuous and discontinuous development?

  Gradual changes versus abrupt stage changes
• What is a teratogen?

  Agents causing harm during prenatal development
• What is reflex rooting?

  A reflex that helps infants find food
• What is the visual cliff apparatus used for?

  Testing depth perception in infants
• What is a critical or sensitive period?


  A time when development is most susceptible
• What is the adolescent growth spurt?

  Rapid physical growth during puberty
• What is puberty?

  The period of sexual maturation
• What are primary sex characteristics?

  Body structures for sexual reproduction
• What are secondary sex characteristics?

  Non-reproductive traits like breasts and body hair
• What is menarche?

  The first menstrual period
• What is spermarche?

  The first ejaculation
• What is menopause?

  The natural cessation of menstruation
• Who is Piaget?

  A psychologist known for cognitive development theory
• Who is Vygotsky?

  A psychologist known for social development theory
• What is the sensorimotor stage?

  Development stage from birth to 2 years
• What is the preoperational stage?

  Stage where children learn language but lack logic
• What is the formal operational stage?

  Stage where abstract thinking begins around age 12
• What is the concrete operational stage?

  Stage where children think logically about concrete events
• What is object permanence?

  The awareness that objects exist when not seen
• What is conservation in cognitive development?

  Understanding that properties remain the same despite changes
• What is reversibility in cognitive development?

  Concepts can be reversed, like addition and subtraction
• What is animism in child development?

  Belief that inanimate objects have human emotions
• What is egocentrism in child development?

  Difficulty in seeing another's point of view
• What is theory of mind?

  Understanding one's own and others' mental states
• What is scaffolding in education?

  Temporary support for developing higher thinking
• What is the zone of proximal development?

  The gap between what a learner can and can't do
• What is crystallized intelligence?

  Knowledge accumulated over time and experience
• What is fluid intelligence?

  Ability to solve new problems and think abstractly
• What is dementia?

  A decline in cognitive function
• What are phonemes?

  Basic sounds in language
• What are morphemes?

  Smallest units of language with meaning
• What is grammar?

  Rules governing the structure of language
• What is semantics?

  Meaning of words in language
• What is syntax?

  Arrangement of words in a sentence
• What is the cooing stage?

  Stage of vocalization at 3 months