Biology 2.1 - Producing New Cells

Created by

hannahiburton

Cards (41)

How many chromosomes do humans have?
46 (two sets of 23)
What does diploid mean?
The normal number of chromosomes in a cell
What are the two cells produced in mitosis called?
Identical daughter cells
Why does mitosis happen?
Growth and repair (of damaged cells)
What is a chromosome after replication called?
Sister chromatids
What is stage one of mitosis?
Chromosomes replicate themselves, and join at the centromere
What is stage two of mitosis?
Chromosomes line up along the equator and spindle fibres attach from the poles to the centromeres
What is stage three of mitosis?
Spindle fibres shorten and pull the separate chromatids apart
What is stage four of mitosis?
The nucleus forms around the chromosomes at each pole
What is stage five of mitosis? (final stage)
The cytoplasm divides, creating two identical daughter cells
Why does each daughter cell need the same chromosome complement as the original cell?
If the chromosome number changes, there will be missing or additional genes and proteins, meaning the cell can't function
Why can stem cells become any type of cell?
They are unspecialised
What are the two types of stem cell and their specialisation?
Embryonic stem cells (unspecialised) and tissue stem cells (specialised)
What is the sequence of cell hierarchy?
Cell -> tissue -> organ -> organ system -> organism
What is a tissue?
A group of different cells which work together to carry out a particular function.
What are some functions of tissues?
Muscle contraction
Lining the intestine
Lining the lungs
What is an organ?
Organs are groups of different tissues which all work together to carry out a particular function
Organ examples?
Heart
Lungs
Stomach
Brain
Leaf
What is an organ system?
An organ system is a group of different organs which work together to carry out a larger function
Organ system examples?
Circulatory system
Respiratory system
Digestive system
Nervous system
Reproductive system
What are the specialised structural features of a red blood cell?

Biconcave shape
Lack of nucleus
Presence of hemoglobin
What is the function of a red blood cell?
To transport oxygen from the lungs to the body's tissues and remove carbon dioxide from the tissues back to the lungs
What are the specialist structural features of a white blood cell?
contains a nucleus
able to produce RNA
What is the function of white blood cells?
They are immune to system cells and fight off pathogens
What are the specialised structural features of neurons?
They have long extensions to send impulses over long distances
What is the function of neurons?
To carry information as electrical impulses around the body
What are the specialised structural features of sperm cells?
Having a tail for mobility
Has lots of mitochondria to provide energy
What is the function of a sperm cell?
To move through the female reproductive system and fuse with an egg cell
What are the specialised structural features of an egg cell?
They have nutrients in the cytoplasm
What is the function of an egg cell?
To help grow an early embryo
What are the specialised structural features of a xylem cell?
They have long tracheary elements
What is the function of a xylem cell?
It takes water and dissolved minerals from the roots and provides physical support
What are the specialised structural features of a phloem cell?
The end walls allow glucose to pass through
What is the function of a phloem cell?
To transport food in plants
What are the specialised structural features of a root hair cell?
Having a large surface area to absorb water
What is the function of a root hair cell?
To absorb water from soil and aid it's entry into the plant
What are the specialised structural features of guard cells?
Thick cell walls facing the air outside the leaf and the stoma
What is the function of guard cells?
To control gas diffusion
What is a chromatid?
Strands of duplicated chromosome
What are spindle fibres?
Where chromosomes attach to, and they pull chromatids apart to the poles