Ethnicity

• What is ethnicity defined as?

  Something that an individual can achieve and express to others which involves culture, descent and sense of identity
• Francais and Archer argue that ethnicity is linked to what?

  family values
• Dench said ethnic groups, and what were linked?


  family types
• Who said that tradition, religion, and family values played important parts in raising second-generation children in the UK?


  Ghumann
• What is a cultural comfort zone?


  friendships, which are formed with people from the same ethnic groups as they feel comfortable sharing the same norms and values
• Who believed cultural comfort zones strengthened ethnic identities?


  Sewell
• What did Alexander explore within black friendship groups?


  There was an emphasis on "being black," which made members of the peer group adopt stereotypical behaviours to be accepted within
• What did Jacobson find when researching Pakistanis?


  He found that they were adopting Muslim identities as a response to social exclusion
• What did Jhally find in the media?


  ethnic minorities were being underrepresented and stereotyped.
• Jhally found that ethnic minorities who were underrepresented and stereotyped within the media led to what?

  Self-fulfilling prophecy and retreatism to an individual ethnic group
• Parker and Song found what on dating websites?

  Websites targeted specific ethnic groups, which strengthened their ethnic identities as they shared their culture with one another
• Coard found that many schools were what?


  ethnocentric, which strengthened white British identities.
• Sewell found that teachers labelled different ethnic groups differently, which group was labelled as lazy?


  Black boys
• Song found links between ethnicity and what?


  certain jobs
• Modood et al found that certain ethnic groups were more likely to experience what?


  unemployment and discrimination
• What did Johal and Bains find?


  They found that people have dual identities, and they changed their identities depending on who they were with (white masking)
• What does the term dual identities refer to?


  People who have a number of different identities that they switch between depending on who they are with and where they are
• Which sociologists talked about people hiding their true ethnic identities?

  Johal & Bains
• What do people with dual identities adopt to fit in?

  white masks
• Butler found that muslim women had both?

  Western and traditionally religious values
• Which sociologist found "white wannabees" in their study?

  Nayak
• Gilory found that black identies have merged into one culture because of shared racism from white people
• Gilory called the homogeneity in black culture the what identity?

  Black Atlantic
• Back found that there was "neighbourhood nationalism" in council estates
• The term neighbourhood nationalism means?

  When people in the same area share the same norms and values even if they are different ethnicities
• Globalisation has allowed a spread in culture
• Patterson argued that people would eventually what?

  Dissimilate (change) in to the main culture of a country
• Who stated that asain boys were losing their ethnic identies to fit in with white culture?

  Burdsey
• Modood found that ethnic identities became weaker over generations
• Which Sociologist that you have studied belive in hybrid idenities?

  • Butler (muslim women)
  • Nayak (white wannabes)
  • Gilory (black atlantic)
  • Back (neighbourhood nationalism)
• Which sociologists belive people are losing their original idenities?

  • Patterson (people dissimilate)
  • Burdsey (asain boys want to fit in)
  • Modood (culture loss over generations)
• Which sociologists claim that education keeps ethnic identites traditional and signficant?

  1. Coard (ethnocentric)
  2. Sewell (different ethnic groups are labelled differently)
• Who specifically said that different ethnic groups were lablled differently in reference to black boys?

  Sewell
• Which sociologist claimed that British identities were reinforced within the ethnocentric curriculum?

  Coard
• Which 3 sociologist claimed that the family kept ethnic identities significant and traditional?

  1. Francis & Archer (family values)
  2. Dench (family types eg extended families)
  3. Ghumman (tradition, religion and family values)
• Which 3 sociologists claimed that the media kept ethnic identities significant and traditional?


  1. Jhally (stereotyped and underrepresented)
  2. Parker & Song (dating websites strengthen ethnic identites)
  3. Gillespie (Bollywood strenghten asain identities)
• Which 3 sociologists claimed that peers kept ethnic identities significant and traditional?

  1. Sewell (cultural comfort zones)
  2. Alaxander (importance on "being black")
  3. Jacobson (Pakistanis adopt muslim identites)
• Which 2 sociologists claimed that work kept ethnic identities significant and traditional?

  1. Modood et al (some experience more discrimination & unemployment)
  2. Song (link between job type and ethnicity)
• Which sociologists talk about losing culture?

  A) Patterson

  B) Burdsey

  C) Modood

  
• Why do Francais & Archer believe family values are linked to ethnicity?

  because of evidence that found British Chinese Families placed higher values on educational success which is passed on to their children