Intro to organic

• What is a hydrocarbon?

  A compound consisting of hydrogen and carbon only
• What does the molecular formula represent?

  It shows the actual number of each type of atom
• What characterizes an unsaturated compound?

  Contains a C=C double bond
• What defines a saturated compound?

  Contains single carbon-carbon bonds only
• What is a general formula in organic chemistry?

  An algebraic formula for a homologous series
• What is the empirical formula?

  Shows the simplest whole number ratio of atoms
• What is a displayed formula?

  • Shows all covalent bonds and atoms
• What is a skeletal formula?

  • Shows all bonds
  • Shows non-carbon atoms
• What is a structural formula?

  • Shows the arrangement of atoms in a molecule
• What is a functional group?

  An atom or group causing similar chemical properties
• What are homologous series?

  • Families of organic compounds
  • Same functional group and general formula
  • Gradual change in physical properties
  • Each member differs by CH2
• What is the prefix for alkanes?

  -ane
• What is the suffix for alkenes?

  -ene
• What is the suffix for alcohols?

  -ol
• What is the prefix for halogenoalkanes?

  -chloro-, -bromo-, -iodo-
• What is the suffix for aldehydes?

  -al
• What is the suffix for ketones?

  -one
• What is the suffix for carboxylic acids?

  -oic acid
• What is the suffix for esters?

  -yl –oate
• What happens when compounds contain more than one functional group?

  • Order of precedence determines naming
  • Highest precedence group takes suffix
  • Others take prefix form
• What is the order of priority for functional groups?

  1. Carboxylic acids
  2. Aldehydes
  3. Ketones
  4. Alcohols
  5. Alkenes
  6. Halogenoalkanes
• What are the prefixes for the number of carbons in a chain?

  • 1: meth
  • 2: eth
  • 3: prop
  • 4: but
  • 5: pent
  • 6: hex
  • 7: hept
  • 8: oct
  • 9: non
  • 10: dec
• What are the general rules for naming carbon chains?

  • Count the longest carbon chain
  • Identify branched chains and their carbons
  • Add appropriate prefix for branches
• How do you indicate the position of a functional group on a carbon chain?

  By numbering from the end giving the lowest number
• When are numbers included in naming compounds?

  Only if needed to avoid ambiguity
• What are the rules for using suffixes in naming?

  • Remove -e if suffix starts with a vowel
  • Do not remove -e if suffix starts with a consonant
  • Use di, tri for multiple functional groups
• How do you name alcohols with higher priority functional groups?

  Use the suffix for the priority group and hydroxy- for OH
• What is the naming convention for multiple -OH groups?

  Use di, tri and add 'e' to the stem name
• How do you indicate the position of a double bond in alkenes?

  Use the lower number of the two carbons involved
• What is the naming convention for alkenes with multiple double bonds?

  Ends in diene or triene
• How is stereoisomerism indicated in alkene names?

  By including E or Z at the start
• What is the naming convention for aldehydes?

  Ends in -al and is on carbon 1
• What is the naming convention for ketones?

  Ends in -one and needs a number
• How are carboxylic acids named?

  Ends in -oic acid and starts numbering from the acid end
• What is the naming convention for compounds with carboxylic acid groups on both ends?

  Called a dioic acid
• What is the naming convention for compounds with two ketone groups?

  Put di before -one and add 'e'
• What is the naming convention for compounds with two aldehyde groups?

  Put di before -al and add 'e'
• Where is the C=O bond located in aldehydes?

  On the first carbon of the chain
• When do ketones require a number in their name?

  When they have 5 or more carbons
• Why is no number necessary for the acid group in carboxylic acids?

  It must always be at the end of the chain