(5) Participation in deviant subcultures

• Name the 3 different studies that talk about deviant middle-class subcultures:

  1. Cohen (Mods & Rockers)
  2. Kingsley (The Bullingdon Club)
  3. Frith (Punk Bohemians)
• Give 1 statistic that shows deviance with the young middle class:

  Students at private schools are significantly more likely to take drugs, smoke and drink alcohol
• What were the characteristics of the Mods & Rockers (Mods in particular)?

  Socialised at cafes, listened to jazz, wore slim suits and rode scooters. But seen as violent and had a rivalry with the Rockers making them deviant
• The Mods and Rockers were made into folk devils by the media. The media managed to make both classes be seen as deviant and violent.
• Kingsley talked about deviance in the middle class using the Bullingdon Club as an example. What is the Bullingdon Club?

  An Oxford society which was an Exclusive all-male dining club.
• Which sociologist studied the deviant middle-class subculture " The Mods (& rockers)"?

  Cohen
• Which sociologist studied the deviant middle-class subculture called "The Bullingdon Club"?

  Kingsley
• Why was The Bullingdon club seen as deviant according to Kingsley?

  because of their sexist attitudes and drunken disorderly behavior of trashing the places they ate at after their meetings
• Which sociologist studied the deviant middle class subculture called "punk bohemians"?


  Frith
• Frith found that hippies and punk culture were middle - class trends and not working-class subcultures. She called this theory the "Punk Bohemians".
• Why did Frith believe that hippie and punk culture was middle class?

  Claimed that art schools educated young people who had a class consciousness - in which they made punk posters and their diy clothes. Their awareness of their exploitation is what drove them to rebel against capitalist systems
• Why were the middle-class deviant subculture "Punk Bohemians" considered deviant?

  Nonconformity & rebelling against capitalistic systems
• Which sociologists talk about participation in deviant working-class subcultures?

  1. Willis (The Lads)
  2. Cohen (Delinquent boys)
  3. Cloward & Ohlin (Criminal Subcultures)
  4. Murray (The Underclass)
  5. Clarke (Skinheads
• Give 2 statistics that support the idea that the working class participate in deviant subcultures:?

  1. 60% of youth offenders are on free school meals
  2. School exclusion rates 4 times higher for students on free school meals
• Which sociologist studied the working class deviant group named "the Lads"?

  Willis
• Willis studied "the lads" -- how was this subculture deviant?

  “the lads” didn't follow the rules because they would be rewarded by others and frowned upon for academic success (status frustration)
• Willis studied the deviant subculture called "the lads", this subculture is an example of what type of deviant subculture?

  anti school
• Which sociologist studied the deviant working-class subculture called the “delinquent boys”?

  Cohen
• Cohen claimed the working class subculture called the "delinquent boys" was deviant. But why was it deemed deviant?

  He found that working-class boys had separate norms and values which helped them gain recognition within working-class subcultures --> helping them escape status frustration
• Clarke studied which working-class deviant subculture?

  Skinheads
• Clarke found that Skinheads participate in what way within their working-class deviant subculture?

  The skinheads were racist, violent and football hooligans
• Which sociologists talk about participation within deviant subcultures based around ethnicities?

  • Jacobson (young Asian Boys)
  • Brown (Skinheads)
  • Preston (Chavs)
  • Gillborn (Black Caribbean boys are labelled)
  • Venkatesh (The black Kings)
  • Sewell (Triple quandary theory)
  • Nightingale (Young black boys + same goals + cant attain (racism) = crime)
• Give 4 different statistics that can be used as evidence for ethnic deviant subcultures:

  • 85% of children in gangs are black (ONS)
  • School exclusion 4 times higher for black Caribbean students
  • 1/3 prevent referrals are for Islamism extremism and 2/3 are for Right-wing extremeness
  • White working-class boys are the lowest achieving group in the education system (only 30% achieve GCESs)
• Which sociologist talked about young Asian boys feeling rejected by white society -- making them retreat into exclusive radical subcultures?

  Jacobson
• Jacobson talked about the deviant subculture called "young Asian boys". What about this subculture made them deviant?

  The group would retreat into their own exclusive group in which they amplified their traditional values and culture. Making the group go from vulnerable to radicalized
• The statistic that 1/3 prevent referrals are for Islamism extremism supports which sociologists study on deviant ethnic subcultures?

  Jacobson
• Jacobson studied which ethnic deviant subculture?

  Radicalised young Asian boys
• Which deviant ethnic group did Brown study?

  far - right extremists and Neo - Nazism
• Which sociologist found that the Skinheads were resurging in the form of far-right extremism and neo nazism?

  Brown
• Brown found that the skinhead resurgence targeted which ethnic group?

  White online gaming communities (70% of the recruits)
• Brown talked about the resurgence of skinheads in the form of far-right extremism and neo-nazism. In this study, he found that the individuals participated in this deviant subculture in what ways?

  Listening to “nazi rock” or “white power music” which demonises non-white people and spreading fascist ideology
• Which ethnic deviant subculture did Preston study?

  Chavs
• Preston studied the subculture called chavs. He found that this ethnic deviant subculture participated in their subculture by doing what?


  1. wearing fake designer
  2. cheap jewellery
  3. eating fast food
  4. having little to no education
  5. having anti-social behaviour patterns
• Who suggested that the British equivalent of “white trash” were the chavs?

  Preston
• Who argued that teachers labelled black Caribbean boys as disruptive and lazy?

  Gillborn
• Gillborn suggested that black Caribbean boys were labelled as disruptive and lazy. Which leads to them being in deviant subcultures because of what?

  self-fulfilling prophecies
• Which deviant ethnic subculture did Gillborn study?

  deviant black Caribbean boys
• Name the sociologists that study deviant participation within gender:

  • Archer (deviant working-class girls)
  • Mac an Ghail (male identities within anti-school subcultures)
  • Sewell (black male students + "machoism")
  • Klein (the vice queens)
  • Jackson (ladettes)
  • Willis (the lads)
• What are the 2 statistics that can be used to support studies on participation within gendered deviant subcultures?

  1. ONS estimates that 50% of children in gangs are girls
  2. School exclusion rates are 3 times higher for boys compared to girls
• Which sociologist studied deviant working-class girls within schools?

  Archer