(2) Participation in subcultures (both types)

• Ingram said working class boys create their own subcultures because of what?

  Working class boys desire a sense of social cohesion and solidarity
• According to Ingram, why do working class boys desire social cohesion and solidarity?


  because they want to emulate the close network neighbourhoods they grew up in as they provide a sense of belonging
• Archer states working class teens gain what through clothes?


  symbolic capital
• Smith and King researched which subculture based on social class?


  the Jack Wills Crowd
• What type of people were from the Jack Wills Crowd?


  private school students
• Smith and King found that private school students identified each other through their behaviour and clothes so they could network with each other.
• Muggleton a postmodernist believes class, gender and ethnicity are no longer what?


  significant
• Because class gender and ethnicity are no longer significant subcultures based on these identities no longer exist, according to Muggleton
• Lury believes society is based on consumer culture
• Because society is based on consumer culture according to Lury middle class identities can no longer be identified any more as working class people can use loans and credit cards to look like middle class people.
• Why are there fewer working-class youth subcultures according to Skeggs?


  because of dis-identification
• Dis-identification means the rejection of traditional working-class values by young people who want to identify with middle-class lifestyles
• Kimmel argues that boys and girls conform to traditional gender roles to avoid being bullied
• Kimmel believes that most 16-26 year old males are living in "guyland"
• Hey argues that girls behave in "hyper femininities" within female youth subcultures
• Frosh argues that boys behave in hegemonic masculinities as it is a key part of male subcultures
• McRobbie claimed that girls participate in "bedroom culture" and "teeny bop culture"
• Which sociologists argue that gender still is significant in subcultures?

  Kimmel, Hey, Frosh and McRobbie
• Mac an Ghaill argued that guys were in pro school subcultures like "the academic achievers" and "the new enterprises"
• Simpson claims that males have adopted what identities?


  Metro sexual identities
• Jackson claims that which subculture shows youth subcultures aren't based on gender?


  Ladettes
• Muggleton believes that class, gender and ethnicity no longer what?


  define culture
• Blackman claimed that girl subcultures are no longer based on gender as "assertive femininities" are being found more common
• Which sociologists support the idea that class is still significant within youth subcultures?

  Ingram (wc desire social cohesion and solidarity)

  Archer (wc gain status through symbolic capital)

  Smith & King (The Jack Willis crowd)
• Which sociologists disagree with the idea that social class still defines youth subcultures?

  Muggleton, Lury and Skeggs
• Why does Alexander argue that ethnicity defines subcultures?

  because there is still an importance of "being black" for black youths
• Why does Alexander believe there is an importance on black youths on "being black"?

  to be accepted
• Who argues that ethnicity holds significance in subcultures because of "culture comfort zones"?

  Sewell
• Johal claimed British Asians were what?


  Hyper ethnic
• Johal said British Asians were hyper ethnic because?

  they wanted to seek out "empowerment through differences" in their subculture
• Mirza found a pro school subculture called what?

  "Young, Female and Black"
• How did black girls participate in the "Young, Female and Black" subculture (Mirza)?

  • Respect for black role Models
  • staying motivated
  • having confidence in their future
  • achieving academic success
• Hall claimed that white youth participated in exclusive subcultures for what reason?

  cultural resistance and the aim to protect "Britishness"
• What does the term "culture comfort zone" refer to?

  groups forming with people from similar ethnic groups because they can be comfortable sharing norms and values
• Alexander claimed black boys would behave in what way in youth subcultures?


  stereotypically
• Which sociologists argued that ethnicity had an impact on subcultures?

  • Alexander
  • Sewell
  • Johal
  • Mirza
  • Hall
• Which sociologist argued that ethnicity no longer affected subcultures?

  • Cashmore
  • Nayak
  • Gliroy
  • Beck
  • Polhemus
• Cashemore studied "gangsta rap" and found that it was popular in lots of different types of youth subcultures around the world and not just where it originated from in New York by black people
• Nayak claimed that some white people were influenced by black culture calling white people "white wannabes"
• Gilroy found a subculture called "Black Atlantic" which is where black youth shared norms and values no matter what their ethnicity was