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social studies 8
3rd quarter
lesson 4
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Cards (36)
What was the primary economic motive during the 15th-16th century?
Desire for wealth (
gold and silver
)
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What accounts influenced the desire for wealth in the 15th-16th century?
Accounts of
Marco Polo
and
Crusades
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What was the demand that led to the cultivation of cash crops in colonies?
Demand for
spices
and
luxury goods
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What caused the monopoly of Venetian merchants?
The fall of
Constantinople
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How did the fall of Constantinople affect Spain and Portugal?
It urged them to sail to new lands
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What economic system was dominant in the 16th century?
Mercantilism
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How was the power of a nation measured in mercantilism?
By the amount of
gold
and silver
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What did colonies allow European countries to control?
Markets
,
labor
, raw materials, and capital
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What became the interest of many colonial powers?
Exploitation
and extraction
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What event rocked the stability of the Roman Catholic Church?
The
Protestant Reformation
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What role did missionaries play during the Age of Encounter?
They
were
sent
to
new lands
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How was the cross used during the Age of Encounter?
As a weapon of
subjugation
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Who founded the first colony in Massachusetts?
The
Pilgrim Fathers
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What was the Reconquista?
A military campaign to expel
Muslims
from
Spain
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What was the desire of European powers during the Age of Encounter?
Supremacy
in navigation and naval power
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What mindset did the Renaissance bring to Europeans?
To seek
glory
and fame for their country
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How did Christopher Columbus challenge traditional theories?
By proving the
Earth
is not
flat
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What type of vessel was the caravel?
An efficient
15th-century
ship
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What features made the caravel efficient?
Square sails
and
sturdy hull
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What vessel replaced the caravel in the 16th century?
The
galleon
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What was the advantage of the galleon over the caravel?
Greater
carrying capacity
and
superiority
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What instruments were used for navigation during the Age of Encounter?
Compass
and
astrolabe
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What was the purpose of the sextant?
To measure
angular distances
of celestial bodies
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Who developed the Mercator map?
Gerardus Mercator
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What was the purpose of improved gunpowder weapons?
To enhance
military
capabilities
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What did joint-stock companies do?
Financed expeditions by
pooling
resources
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How did monarchies contribute to exploration?
By harnessing
collective
energies for exploration
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What are the techniques of empire-building during the Age of Encounter?
Trading Empires
: Establishing trading posts
Settlement Empires
: Setting up colonies with governance
Working with local rulers through
treaties
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What did trading empires establish along strategic routes?
Trading posts
to support interests
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What characterized settlement empires?
Overseas colonies
with
European governance
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What was the impact of settlement empires on colonized peoples?
Imposition of
foreign laws
and values
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Who was Ferdinand Magellan?
A
Spanish
explorer
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Who was Bartholomew Diaz?
A
Portuguese
explorer
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Who was Jacques Cartier?
A
French
explorer
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Who was Sir Francis Drake?
A
British
explorer
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What were the Dutch East and West India Companies?
Trading companies from the
Netherlands
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