Other perspectives (Phases)

• What are the 5 other Perspectives regarding phases?

  • Germinal Phase (early fifteenth century to mid-eighteenth century)
  • Incipient Phase (mid-170-s to the 1870s)
  • Take-off Phase (1870s to the mid-1920s)
  • Struggle-for-hegemony phase (1920s o the mid- 1960s)
  • Uncertainty Phase (1950s to the early 1990s)
• What transpired the Germinal Phase? What year?

  In Europe (early fifteenth century to mid-eighteenth century), important developments during this period were the sun-centered view of the universe, the beginnings of modern geography, and the spread of the Gregorian Calendar.
• What transpired in the Incipient Phase? What year?

  • mid-1700s to the 1870s
  • Among the key developments in this period were the "crystallization of conceptions of formalized international relations," a "more concrete conception of humankind," and a "sharp increase in conventions and agencies concerned with international and transnational regulation and communication" (Immanuel Wallerstein 1990: 26).
• What transpired in the Take-Off Phase (1870s to the mid-1920s)

  • Among the key developments in this period were the "very sharp increase in number and speed of global forms of communication. Rise of the ecumenical movement. Development of global competitions -e.g. Olympics, Nobel Prizes. Implementation of World Time and near-global adoption of the Gregorian Calendar. First World War. League of Nations" (Immanuel Wallerstein, 1990:27).
• What transpired in the Struggle-for-hegemony phase? What year?

  • 1920s to the mid-1960s
  • This period was characterized by war (WW II) and disputes (Cold War) over the still fragile globalization process. The UN was formed during this period.
• What transpired in the Uncertainty Phase? What year?

  • 1960s to the early 1990s
  • Many global developments occurred during this period including the inclusion of the Third World in the global system, the end of the cold War (and bipolarity), the spread of nuclear weapons, world civil society, world citizenship, and global media system consolidation.