Major NEE City: Rio

• Where is Rio located?

  South-East Brazil
• What's the regional importance of Rio?


  Provides lots of jobs in banking, chemicals, finance, and pharmeseuticals
• What's the national importance of Rio?

  One of Brazil's major ports, produces 5% of Brazils GDP
• What's the international importance of Rio?

  Most visited city in Southern hemisphere, hosted 2016 Olympics, home to one of seven wonders of the world; Christ The Redeemer
• Why are megacities like Rio growing?

  Rural to urban migration and natural increase
• Rio is a megacity with a population of 12.5 million that continues to grow rapidly. This is due to rural to urban migration caused by a mix of push and pull factors and natural increase - where birth rates are higher than death rates.
• How is natural increase causing Rio's population to grow?

  Rio has a young population, therefore more babies are being born
• What social challenges has urban growth caused in Rio?

  Growth of slums and squatter settlements due to lack of housing, biggest challenges being providing growing population with clean water, healthcare, education, and energy.
• What economic challenges has urban growth caused?

  • Unemployment due to growing population
  • Many people forced to work in informal economy where income is low and irregular
  • 1/3 of Rio's workers dont have a formal employment contract - no insurance cover or unemployment benefit.
  • Due to high levels of unemployment, there's been a growth in crime and drug trafficking gangs
• What environmental challenges has urban growth caused in Rio?

  Air pollution, traffic congestion, water pollution, waste management.
• Urban growth has also cuased environmental challenges such as air / water pollution, traffic congestion, and waste management. These can be expensive to fix and are made worse due to Rio's physical geography: surrounded by mountains that trap air pollution and made building new roads and infrastructure difficult.
• Whats issues has Rios physical geography caused?

  Rio is surrounded by mountains that trap air pollution; car emissions, ect. This also makes it very hard to build new roads and infrastructure for the growing population.
• What opportunities has urban growth created in Rio?

  • Trained medical staff have been sent into favelas where there's no healthcare.
  • Grants given to keep people in school longer.
  • New sewage treatment plants built and piped laid.
  • Crime tackled by Police Pacifying units
  • Development of Rios industrial area helped start multiplier effect
  • US$2b invested into new hydroelectric power complex and new nuclear generator built.
• Opportunity in Rio; Due to frequent blackouts, 60km of new powerlines were installed,$2b investment towards a new hydroelectric complex as well as a new nucler generator to provide the city with more energy.
• Opportunity in Rio; Only 50% of children continued their education past the age of 14 and ultimately turned to crime to make money so grants were given to poorer families to keep teenagers in education and reduce crime rates
• What's the Schools of Tomorrow programme?

  An educational programme offered to children in violent areas to provide them with an education and keep them away from crime and drug trafficking gangs.
• Whats the UPP'S and how has it been used to reduce crime in Rio?

  UPP's - Police Pacifying Units - were established in 2013 to reclaim favelas from the reign of drug gangs. Police have taken control of crime-dominated favelas
• What are the challenges with education in Rio?

  • Only 50% of children continue their education past the age of 14.
  • Shortage of schools and teachers
  • Lack of money and a need for teenagers to make money to support their families.
• What are the challenges with water supply in Rio?

  • 12% of Rio's population had no running water
  • 37% water lost from leaky pipes and illegal access
  • Droughts make water expensive
• What are the challenges with energy in Rio?

  • Frequent power cuts and blackouts
  • Many poorer people get energy from illegally tapping into main supply
• What are the challenges with unemployment in Rio?

  • Most people working in informal sector - income is low and irregular
  • Unemployment rates in favelas are 20%
• How have challenges of unemployment been combatted in Rio?

  • Schools of Tomorrow programme - aims to improve education for children in violent areas.
  • Free child care is provided for teenage parents to enable them to return to education
• What are the issues in the Rochina Favel?

  • 12% no running water
  • 30% no electricity
  • 50% no sewage systems - lots of water pollution -> disease and illness
  • Murder rate of 20 per 1000
  • Infant mortality of 50 per 1000
• What's the issue with healthcare in Rochina Favela?

  Only 55% of people have access to family clinic
• What's the issue with education in Rochina favela?

  Only 50% of children continue their education past the age of 14
• What are the issues with energy in the Rochina favela?

  Frequent power cuts and blackouts, people illegally tapping into main supply -> dangerous
• What's the issue with unemployment in the Rochina Favela?

  Unemployment rates in the favela is over 20%
• What's a site and service scheme?

  Where local authorities provide land and resources for residents to build their own homes - safer foundation due to better quality materials, less illegal squatter settlements, sewage systems.
• What were the aspects of the Favela Bairro Project?

  • Roads paved
  • Improved water supply and sanitation
  • Hillsides secured to prevent landslides
  • New health, leisure, and education facilities
  • Cable car installed to access jobs in city - 1 free return ticket a day for residents
  • UPP's set up to reduce crime
• What did the Favela Bairro project entail?

  A $1m project aimed to improve the quality of life for the urban poor.
• What were the disadvantages of the Favela Bairro Project?

  • A budget of $1m simply isnt enough to cover the whole city
  • Not all infrastructure has been maintained
  • Residents sometimes lack skill or training to make repairs
  • Rents have risen pricing out poorest inhabitants