P14

• What happens when light bounces off a shiny surface?

  It reflects off the surface.
• What types of waves can reflect?

  Light, sound, water, seismic waves.
• What type of reflection do flat shiny surfaces give?

  Specular reflections.
• What type of reflection do rough dull surfaces give?

  Diffuse reflections.
• What is the relationship between the angle of incidence and the angle of reflection?

  The angle of incidence equals the angle of reflection.
• What does the term "specular" derive from?

  Latin word for mirror.
• What characteristics does an image have when reflected off a mirror?

  Upright, same size, same distance, virtual, laterally inverted.
• How should you draw a ray diagram?

  Use a ruler and draw straight lines.
• What happens to the angle of light when it hits a mirror?

  It reflects at the same angle to the normal.
• How do you determine where the image appears in a ray diagram?

  Where the lines intersect is the image location.
• What is refraction of light?

  Change in direction as light passes through substances.
• What happens to light when it moves into a more dense medium?

  It refracts towards the normal.
• What is the relationship between the angle of refraction and the angle of incidence in a more dense medium?

  The angle of refraction is less than the angle of incidence.
• What happens to light when it moves into a less dense medium?

  It refracts away from the normal.
• What is the relationship between the angle of refraction and the angle of incidence in a less dense medium?

  The angle of refraction is greater than the angle of incidence.
• Why does light refract when entering a more dense medium?

  Part of the wave-front slows down first.
• What is the normal line in relation to the interface of two materials?

  It is always 90° to the interface.
• What is the interface in optics?

  The place where two materials meet.
• What happens to the incident ray when it enters a glass block?

  The ray slows down and swings toward the normal.
• What happens to the emergent ray when it leaves the glass block?

  It speeds up and swings away from the normal.
• What is the wavelength range of visible light?

  $4 \times 10^{-7} \text{ m} \text{ to } 7 \times 10^{-7} \text{ m}$
• What can too much visible light do to the retina?

  It can cause damage to the retina.
• What are some ways visible light can damage the retina?

  Looking directly at the Sun or camera flash.
• What can be the effects of exposure to visible light?

  Temporary or permanent effects on sight.
• What are the primary and secondary colors of visible light?

  • Primary Colors: Red, Green, Blue
  • Secondary Colors: Yellow, Cyan, Magenta
• How do secondary colors form from primary colors?

  They overlap two primary colors.
• What happens when visible light passes through a prism?

  It refracts and forms a spectrum.
• What constitutes the visible spectrum?

  Red, Green, Blue, Yellow, Orange, Indigo, Violet.
• What causes dispersion in a prism?

  Different wavelengths and speeds of light colors.
• What is the speed of all colors of light in a vacuum?

  They all travel at the same speed.
• What happens to light when it enters a transparent substance?

  Different colored lights slow down and refract.
• How does the speed of light change in different materials?

  It slows down in liquids or solids.
• What happens when white light hits a white surface?

  All colors are reflected.
• What happens when colored light hits a differently colored surface?

  It may all be absorbed, appearing black.
• What happens when colored light hits a colored surface of the same color?

  That same color is reflected.
• What can happen if colored light hits a differently colored surface?

  It may cause the surface to appear black.
• What happens to light when it interacts with surfaces of different colors?

  • White surface: All colors reflected
  • Colored surface: Same color reflected, others absorbed
  • Differently colored surface: May appear black if all absorbed
• What are the two main types of lenses?

  Convex and concave
• What are the two main types of lenses?

  Convex and concave
• How do convex lenses work?

  They bend light rays to a principal focus