Schizophrenia

• What is schizophrenia defined as?

  A psychotic disorder with impaired thinking
• What types of symptoms do sufferers of schizophrenia experience?

  Positive and negative symptoms
• What are positive symptoms in schizophrenia?

  Symptoms that enhance normal experiences
• What are negative symptoms in schizophrenia?

  Symptoms that represent a loss of experience
• What characterizes hallucinations in schizophrenia?

  Distorted perceptions of real or unreal stimuli
• What does speech poverty refer to?

  Low frequency and quality of speech
• What is avolition in schizophrenia?

  Reduction in interests and purposeful acts
• What are the two classification systems for mental disorders?

  DSM-V and ICD-10
• What is a key difference between DSM-V and ICD-10?

  Specificity of diagnostic criteria
• What does the DSM-V require for schizophrenia diagnosis?

  At least 2 of specific symptoms
• What does the ICD-10 state about schizophrenia diagnosis?

  Clinical picture dominated by paranoid delusions
• What is positive schizophrenia characterized by?

  Prominent delusions and hallucinations
• What is mixed schizophrenia?

  Symptoms are both negative and positive
• What is co-morbidity in schizophrenia?

  High frequency of two disorders together
• What percentage of schizophrenia patients suffer from PTSD?

  29%
• What does the research by Buckley et al (2009) suggest?

  Schizophrenia often co-occurs with other disorders
• What gender bias exists in schizophrenia diagnosis?

  Men are diagnosed more frequently than women
• What may mask schizophrenia symptoms in women?

  High interpersonal functioning traits
• What cultural bias exists in schizophrenia diagnosis?

  African Americans are diagnosed more frequently
• How does the cultural perception of hearing voices differ?

  It may be seen as a sign of spirituality
• What evidence suggests a genetic basis for schizophrenia?

  Schizophrenia runs in families
• What did Gottesman (1991) find about genetic similarity?

  Higher similarity increases risk of schizophrenia
• What are the concordance rates for monozygotic twins?

  48%
• What does the term 'candidate genes' refer to?

  Genes that increase risk of developing schizophrenia
• What is the original dopamine hypothesis?

  High dopamine levels cause schizophrenia
• What does the revised dopamine hypothesis suggest?

  Low dopamine levels in the cortex cause schizophrenia
• What role does Broca's area play in schizophrenia?

  Excess D2 receptors may cause auditory hallucinations
• What did Goldman Rakic et al (2004) suggest about the prefrontal cortex?

  Low dopamine levels impair logical thinking
• What are antipsychotics used for?

  To reduce dopamine activity in schizophrenia
• What are neural correlates?

  Patterns of activity linked to psychological symptoms
• What did Juckel et al (2006) find about the ventral striatum?

  Low activation is linked to avolition
• What did Allen et al (2007) conclude about auditory verbal hallucinations?

  Misidentification of speech linked to brain activity
• What did Brown et al (2002) find about paternal age and schizophrenia risk?

  Risk increases if father is over 50
• What is the evidence for the dopamine hypothesis described as?

  Mixed evidence
• What did Tauscher et al (2014) find about antipsychotics?

  They alleviate symptoms by reducing dopamine
• What criticism do Moghaddam and Javitt (2012) have about the dopamine hypothesis?

  It emphasizes dopamine's role too much
• Which neurotransmitters are criticized for being overlooked in schizophrenia?

  Glutamate and serotonin
• What neurotransmitter is suggested to play a key role in schizophrenia development?

  Dopamine
• What is the criticism of the dopamine hypothesis according to Moghaddam and Javitt (2012)?

  It emphasizes dopamine's role too much
• Which antipsychotic is noted for acting on glutamate and serotonin?

  Clozapine