Validity

• What does validity relate to in research?

  True reflection of 'real-world' behavior
• Why might a sample not represent the target population?

  Due to the sampling methods used
• Which sampling method has low representativeness?

  Opportunity sampling
• Which sampling method has high representativeness?

  Stratified sampling
• What challenge does repeated measures design face?

  Order effects challenge validity
• How can order effects in repeated measures be overcome?

  By using counterbalancing
• What challenge does independent groups design face?

  Participant variables challenge validity
• How can participant variables in independent groups be overcome?

  By using random allocation
• What is a challenge to validity in laboratory experiments?

  Task, setting, participant awareness
• What is a benefit of laboratory experiments?

  High control over variables
• What challenges validity in field experiments?

  Task and control challenges validity
• Why do methods producing numerical data lack validity?

  They reduce behavior to a score
• What is a strength of case studies in qualitative methods?

  Greater validity through deeper insight
• What is a challenge of case studies in qualitative methods?

  Difficult to analyze, reducing validity
• What are the main types of sampling methods and their representativeness?

  • Opportunity sampling: Low representativeness
  • Stratified sampling: High representativeness
• What are the challenges to validity in different experimental designs?

  • Repeated measures: Order effects
  • Independent groups: Participant variables
  • Laboratory experiments: Task, setting, participant awareness
  • Field experiments: Task and control
• What are the strengths and weaknesses of quantitative and qualitative methods?

  Quantitative methods:

  • Strength: High control
  • Weakness: Lack of validity

  
  

  Qualitative methods:

  • Strength: Greater validity
  • Weakness: Difficult to analyze