AAAAAAAAAAHHHHHHHHHH!!!!

• describe 1 feature of the norman aristocracy

  norman aristocrats did not learn english (1) but their children often spoke norman french and english (1)
• why there was an uprising against tostig: can use earldom of northumbria & taxation

  • friends with malcom II, king of scot, so he didnt fend northumbria from scottish attacks_ 1061, whilst away, malcolm invaded & destroyed which tostig didnt retaliate against & agreed to peace terms
  • was unjust: imposed new laws from south & abused power to rid rivals_ rivals complained he falsely accused ppl to take money & land
  • taxed northumbria heavily which danelaw areas werent used to so they resented him
• describe 1 feature of marcher earldoms

  • gave earls certain rights (1) such as creating boroughs (1)
• describe 1 feature of the career of bishop odo

  • became regent in england (1) whilst william was in normandy (1)
• describe 1 feature of the fight at battle of hastings

  • normans used feigned retreat (1) before turning to attack harold’s army (1)
• describe 1 feature of castles in norman england

  • first motte and bailey castles were built very quickly (1) with earth and wood (1)
• describe 1 feature of tenants in chief

  • had a military role to fight for the king (1) and lead a group of knights (1)
• in the years 1066-7 main way william established control over england by rewarding loyalty: AS earls, castles

  FOR:

  • rewarding AS loyalty: william swore oath he best king if people loyal_ Anglo saxons still has important roles in government & earls kept their earldoms and archbishops kept their roles_ gospatric made earl of northern northumbria after paying william large amount_ offered rewards for loyalty
  • sent rich gifts to pope & church supporters in normandy
  • set geld tax, very heavy, to pay mercs hired
  • granted land to those who served him; took land from those who fought against him
• in the years 1066-7 main way william established control over england was by rewarding loyalty

  AGAINST:

  • motte and bailey castles were built quickly in Dover, Hereford and Chepstow; symbol of NORMAN POWER
  • as william’s army marched to london, they destroyed homes, farms, crops & animals to intimidate people to surrender to him as king BUT london was a FORTIFIED city and did not surrender
  • established MARCHER EARLDOMS to secure control of borders by wales to prevent then being a threat to his reign which also promoted building of castles; encouraged colonisation by normans w/ special rights
• explain why harold won the battle of stamford bridge

  • harold’s attack on hardrada and tostig were a surprise; killed
  • hardradas army were tired after having fought at the battle of gate fulford less than a week earlier 5 days before and werent expecting it
  • viking army had weapons and sheilds but left their armour on ships as well as most of their men
  • harold’s housecarls broke sheild wall quick; vikings unable to fend selves due to lack of armour
  • vikings under impression that english did not support harold and therefore unwilling to fight in support to him as king; misled and misinformed
• loss of land was main reason for the revolt of edwin and morcar in 1068: earldoms, taxation


  FOR:

  • morcar‘s earldom was reduced in size & granted to tostig’s old thegn, copsi; loss of land meant a loss of power and money
  • edwin resented william to reduce his earldom and began encouraging others to join a rebellion; making his earldom less important
  • edwin & morcar provided a lead for other anglo saxon earls eg edgar the aethling & waltheof to support REVOLT, scared that the SEIZURE OF LAND by odo and fitzOsbern was set out to continue; william’s followers were seeking to EXPAND their GRANTS
• loss of land was the main reason for the revolt of edwin and morcar

  AGAINST:

  • william’s imposition of HEAVY GELD TAX in december 1066 resented; wealth of ENG seen as deliberately benefitting normandy than england
  • edwin disliked william for going back on his promise of edwin being able to marry his daughter
  • resented rapid builds of CASTLES which symbolised william‘s POWER & CONTROL; meant forced clearing of homes and labour
  • AS angry that william’s deputies allowed soldiers to commit crimes during their regency without any repurcussions