Advances in Surgery

Cards (33)

  • What was the common method of anesthesia in early 19th century surgery?
    No anesthesia was used
  • Why was alcohol not used for amputations?
    It made the heartbeat too fast
  • What was the main cause of death during early surgeries?
    Pain, infection, blood loss, and shock
  • What was the purpose of the tourniquet during amputations?
    To control blood loss
  • What was the procedure for amputation in the early 19th century?
    Cut deep to the bone in one swift movement
  • What was used to cauterize the wound after an amputation?
    Hot irons or ligatures
  • What was the success rate of surgeries in the early 19th century?
    About 50%
  • What breakthrough in anesthesia occurred in the 1840s?
    Ether was introduced
  • What was a major risk associated with ether as an anesthetic?
    It could kill the patient if overused
  • Who discovered chloroform as an anesthetic?
    James Simpson
  • What was the significance of chloroform for childbirth?
    It relieved excessive pain during labor
  • How did the Church view the use of anesthetics during childbirth?
    It was seen as interfering with God's will
  • Which royal figure supported the use of chloroform?
    Queen Victoria
  • What was nitrous oxide commonly known as?
    Laughing gas
  • What was a disadvantage of nitrous oxide as an anesthetic?
    It was not a general anesthetic
  • Who was Joseph Lister and what did he contribute?
    He developed antiseptic surgery
  • What did Lister use to prevent infections during surgery?
    Carbolic spray
  • What was the impact of Lister's methods on patient survival rates?
    Reduced fatalities from 46% to 15%
  • What did Lister believe caused infections?
    Bacteria
  • What were the pros of using carbolic spray?
    Reduced fatalities and sterilized equipment
  • What were the cons of using carbolic spray?
    It irritated lungs and wounds
  • What was the difference between antiseptic and aseptic surgery?
    Aseptic surgery is germ-free
  • How did surgery change in the late 19th century?
    Patients were anesthetized and tools sterilized
  • What was the significance of the timeline of surgical advances?
    It shows progress in surgical safety
  • What was the role of anesthetics in reducing blood loss during surgery?
    They kept patients calm and reduced bleeding
  • How did the risk of shock change with surgical advancements?
    It was drastically reduced
  • What year did Edward Jenner develop vaccinations?
    1798
  • What year was chloroform discovered?
    1847
  • What year did Lister publish his antiseptic methods?
    1867
  • What year did Robert Koch identify diseases based on bacteria?
    1882
  • What were the main dangers of 19th century surgery?
    • Pain
    • Infection
    • Blood loss
    • Shock
  • What were the key advancements in 19th century surgery?
    1. Introduction of anesthetics (ether, chloroform, nitrous oxide)
    2. Development of antiseptic techniques by Joseph Lister
    3. Improved surgical tools and sterilization methods
    4. Reduced risks of pain, infection, blood loss, and shock
  • Compare the early and late 19th century surgical practices.
    • Early: No anesthesia, unsterilized tools, high infection risk
    • Late: Anesthesia used, sterilized tools, reduced infection risk