Osmoregulation

• What is the main focus of the blood glucose control video?

  Key terms for AQA A-level biology
• What are some key terms related to blood glucose control?

  • Gluconeogenesis
  • Glycogenolysis
  • Glycolysis
  • Glucose
  • Glycogen
  • Glucagon
• Why are flashcards recommended for this topic?

  To remember key terms and processes
• What concept is linked to homeostasis in blood glucose control?

  Negative feedback
• What happens during negative feedback in blood glucose control?

  Deviations from normal levels are restored
• What organ is primarily responsible for controlling blood glucose levels?

  The pancreas
• Who is the presenter of the biology video on osmoregulation?

  Miss A Stroke
• What is the main topic of the video?

  Osmoregulation and blood water potential
• What cells in the pancreas detect blood glucose changes?

  Islets of Langerhans
• Which hormones are released by the pancreas to regulate blood glucose?

  Insulin and glucagon
• What should you do before watching the osmoregulation video?

  Watch the nephron structure video
• What role does adrenaline play in blood glucose control?

  Releases more glucose from glycogen stores
• What is negative feedback in biological systems?

  • Mechanism to restore normal conditions
  • Returns system to original state
  • Examples include temperature and blood glucose regulation
• How does the body respond when blood glucose levels increase?

  Insulin is released to lower glucose levels
• What is the normal body temperature in degrees Celsius?

  37 degrees C
• What does osmoregulation control in the blood?

  Water potential
• What happens to liver cells when insulin is released?

  They become more permeable to glucose
• What are the two types of blood water potential deviations?

  Hypertonic and hypotonic
• What is glycogenesis?

  Conversion of glucose to glycogen
• What does hypertonic blood indicate?

  Too low water potential
• When does glycogenolysis occur?

  When blood glucose levels are too low
• What happens to cells in hypertonic blood?

  They shrivel up
• What is gluconeogenesis?

  Creation of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources
• What does hypotonic blood indicate?

  Too high water potential
• What happens to cells in hypotonic blood?

  They burst or lyse
• What triggers the release of glucagon?

  Low blood glucose levels
• How does glucagon increase blood glucose levels?

  By hydrolyzing glycogen into glucose
• What is the role of the second messenger model in glucagon action?

  Activates enzymes to increase glucose levels
• Why is osmoregulation important?

  • Prevents cell damage from water imbalance
  • Maintains proper chemical reactions
  • Ensures normal physiological functions
• What is type 1 diabetes caused by?

  Inability to produce insulin
• What can cause hypertonic blood?

  Excess sweating or high salt intake
• What is a common treatment for type 1 diabetes?

  Insulin injections or pumps
• What can cause hypotonic blood?

  Excess water intake or low salt intake
• What causes type 2 diabetes?

  Loss of responsiveness to insulin
• What are the corrective mechanisms for hypertonic blood?

  • More water reabsorbed by osmosis
  • Urine becomes more concentrated
  • Less water lost in urine
• What are the corrective mechanisms for hypotonic blood?

  • Less water reabsorbed by osmosis
  • Urine becomes more dilute
  • More water lost in urine
• What hormone is involved in osmoregulation?

  Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
• What are some treatments for type 2 diabetes?

  Diet control and increased exercise
• What is the role of the hypothalamus in osmoregulation?

  Detects changes in water potential
• What happens when blood water potential is too low?

  ADH production increases