Networks

• What is the definition of bandwidth


  The amount of data that can be transmitted in a given time
• What is the definition of latency


  the delay before data begins to transfer the following instruction
• What is the definition of topology


  the arrangement of devices on a network
• What is the definition of transmission media


  the way data is tranmitted such as wired or wireless
• What is the definition of reliability


  uptime and fault tolerance of the network
• What is the definition of scaleability


  ability to grow and accommodate more devices or users
• what is a protocal


  a set of rules that govern how data is transmitted and received
• key roles of protocols

  1. define rules for communication
  2. ensure interoperability
• define rules for communication:

  • they provide a standardised way for devices to interact
  • it specifies things such as;formatting :how data is received,sent and acknowledged: ans how errors are detected and corrected in transmision
• ensure interoperability between devices

  • protocals act like a common language for devices
  • this enables a wide range of devices to connect and exchange data
• interoperability


  means devices from different manufatures can work together seamlessly
• examples of protocols:

  • HTTP (HyperText Transfer Protocol )
  • FTP (File Transfer Protocol)
  • SMTP ( Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
• HTTP (HyperText Transfer Protocol):

  • used foe accessing websites
  • ensures data is transferred between a web browser and web server in correct format
• FTP (File Transfer Protocol):

  • used for transferring files between devices over a network
  • commonly used for uploading and downloading files to to from a webserver
• SMTP ( Simple Mail Transfer Protocol):

  • used for sending emails from a client to a mail server
  • works alongside protocols like IMAP or POP3 to retrieve emails
• benefits of protocols:

  1. consistency
  2. scaleability
  3. security
  4. troubleshooting
• consistency

  • all devices following the same protocol ensure consistent behaviour
• scaleability:

  • Networks can grow easiLY because protocols are standardized
• security

  • many protocols include features for encryption and authentication , protecting data during transmission
• troubleshooting:

  • protocols standardise error detection and correction mechanism, so its easier to identify and solve issues
• importance of standards:

  • ensure devices and networks can communicate seamlessly
  • prevent proprietary systems from dominating
• TCP/IP layers in order:

  1. application
  2. transport
  3. internet
  4. network access
• application layer:

  • this layer provides network services directly to applications and users
  • it enables software applications to communicate over a network
  • common protocols include: HTTP,FTP and SMTP
• transport layer

  • this layer ensures reliable data delivery between devices
  • it manages data segmentation, error detection and flow control
  • it uses two key protocols: TCP and UDP
• internet layer

  • responsible for addressing and routing data between devices across networks
  • data is encapsulated into packets
  • key protocols used are : IP and ICMP
• network access layer :

  • this layer defines the protocols and hardware requird for physical data transmission over the network
  • it includes data link and physical layers in the OSI model
  • common protocols and technologies are: Ethernet and Wi-Fi.
• TCP/IP layers

  • Application
  • Transport
  • Internet
  • Network access
• what protocols does application layer use(in TCP)

  1. HTTP
  2. HTTPS
  3. FTP
  4. SMTP
• what protocols does transport layer use(TCP/IP):

  1. TCP
  2. UDP
• what protocols does internet layer use(TCP/IP):

  1. IP
  2. ICMP
• what protocols and technology does network access layer use(TCP/IP)

  1. Ethernet
  2. Wi-FI