Bacteroides and other gram negative anaerobes

• What type of bacteria are Gram negative non-spore forming anaerobic bacilli?

  They are non-spore forming anaerobic bacilli

  
• Where are Gram negative non-spore forming anaerobic bacilli found in humans?

  As normal flora on mucosal surfaces

  
• Name one genus of Gram negative non-spore forming anaerobic bacilli.

  Bacteroides

  
• What are the two classifications of Gram negative non-spore forming anaerobic bacilli?

  Normal flora and potential pathogens

  
• How were the genera Bacteroides, Porphyromonas, and Prevotella reclassified?

  Based on differences in biological characteristics
• What is a characteristic of Bacteroides species?

  They are non-motile Gram negative bacilli

  
• Which species of Bacteroides is mentioned as pathogenic?

  Bacteroides fragilis

  
• What virulence properties do pathogenic Bacteroides species possess?

  Capsule, pili, and enzymes
• What conditions can Bacteroides cause in association with precipitating factors?

  Various infections including abscesses
• What are some precipitating factors for Bacteroides infections?

  Trauma, devitalized tissue, and pre-existing infections
• What is the clinical significance of B. fragilis?

  Causative agent of various infections

  
• What types of infections are associated with B. fragilis?

  1. Intra-abdominal infections including a. appendicitis b. peritonitis c. abscesses 2.Other infections and abscesses involving inner tissues and organs

  3. Infections involving female reproductive system as complications associated with reproduction

  4. Bacteraemia

  
• Name one condition associated with B. fragilis.

  Appendicitis
• What type of bacteria is Fusobacterium?

  Pleomorphic non-motile Gram negative bacilli

  
• Name a species of Fusobacterium.

  1. nucleatum
• What is the significance of Fusobacterium in humans?

  Normal flora mostly in the mouth

  
• How does F. nucleatum act as a causative agent?

  In mixed infections or as a single agent

  
• What antibiotics is F. nucleatum susceptible to?

  Penicillin, metronidazole, and clindamycin
• What is the role of anaerobic cocci in humans?

  Normal flora of mucosal surfaces

  
• Name a genus of Gram positive anaerobic cocci.

  Peptostreptococcus

  
• How are anaerobic cocci differentiated?

  By biochemical tests and metabolic end products

  
• What is a characteristic of Gram negative anaerobic cocci?

  They are part of normal flora

  
• What is the significance of Veillonella species?

  Normal flora with other strict anaerobes

  
• Which species of Veillonella is mentioned?

  1. parvula
• Does Veillonella have a pathogenic role?

  No, it has no pathogenic role