Urinary cancer 1

• What is the first learning outcome related to the bladder?

  Describe the anatomy and physiology of the bladder
• What are the main components of bladder anatomy?

  • Structure and function
  • Location
  • Blood supply
  • Lymphatics

  
• What type of epithelium lines the urinary tract?

  Urothelium
• How many layers does the urothelium have in the bladder?

  Up to 6 layers
• What are the special features of urothelium?

  Distention capability, urine toxicity resistance
• What is the purpose of the video linked in the study material?

  • Provides background information on the urinary system
  • Focus on bladder-specific information after 8 minutes
• What are the main factors in the aetiology of bladder cancer?

  Lifestyle, medical agents, family history
• What lifestyle factors contribute to bladder cancer?

  Smoking and obesity
• What is a geographical factor associated with bladder cancer?

  Endemic schistosomiasis areas
• What is the most common type of bladder cancer?

  Transitional Cell Carcinoma
• What percentage of bladder cancer cases are SCC?

  8%
• What are the clinical features of bladder tumors?

  • Painless haematuria
  • Frequency and urgency
  • Dysuria
  • Symptoms from metastases (cough, bone pain)
  • General symptoms (malaise, anorexia, weight loss)
• What might a urine test reveal in bladder cancer investigations?

  Malignant cells
• What can a blood test indicate in bladder cancer patients?

  Anaemia and renal impairment
• What does CXR stand for in bladder cancer investigations?

  Chest X-Ray
• What does cystoscopy reveal in bladder cancer investigations?

  Mucosal abnormalities
• What can a CT scan reveal in bladder cancer cases?

  Extravesical extension and node enlargement
• What are the T stages in bladder cancer?

  • CIS or Tis: High grade, innermost layer
  • Ta: Innermost layer only
  • T1: Grown into connective tissue
  • T2: Grown through connective tissue into muscle
  • T3: Grown through muscle into fat layer
  • T4: Spread outside the bladder

  
• What does T3a indicate in bladder cancer staging?

  Microscopic invasion in fat layer

  
• What does T4b indicate in bladder cancer staging?

  Spread to pelvic or abdominal wall

  
• What does the N in the TNM system represent?

  • NX: Cannot be assessed
  • N0: No metastasis
  • N1: Single node ≤ 2 cm
  • N2: Single node > 2 cm or multiple nodes ≤ 5 cm
  • N3: Node > 5 cm, fixed lymphadenopathy
• What does the M in the TNM system represent?

  • MX: Cannot be assessed
  • M0: No distant metastasis
  • M1: Distant metastasis
• What are the grades of bladder cancer?

  Grade 1, Grade 2, Grade 3