Aliphatic routes

• Alkane + Halogen (under UV)

  Haloalkane
• Alkene + Halogen halide/Halogen

  Haloalkane
• Alkene + Hydrogen (Ni catalyst)

  Alkane
• Catalyse for reaction of Alkene + hydrogen —-> alkane

  Nickel (Ni)
• What conditions are needed for the reaction: alkane + halogen —-> haloalkane

  UV
• Alkene + H20 (g) (H+ catalyst)

  Alcohol
• Haloalkane + CN (ethanol)

  Nitrile (R-CN)
• Haloalkane + NH3 (ethanol)

  Amine
• Reagents needed for formation of nitrile?

  Haloalkane + CN (with ethanol)
• Reagents needed for formation of amine?

  Haloalkane + NH3 (with ethanol)
• Haloalkane + NaOH

  Alcohol
• Reagents for formation of alcohol from haloalkane?

  NaOH
• Alcohol + Sodium halide (H+ catalyst)

  Haloalkane
• Alcohol + Acid (heat)

  Alkene
• Conditions for the formation of Alkene from alcohol:

  Acid and heat
• Conditions for formation of haloalkane from alcohol:

  Sodium halide and acid catalyst
• Secondary alcohol + acidified potassium dichromate (reflux with acid catalyst)

  Ketone
• Reagents and conditions for formation of ketone:

  Acidified potassium dichromate and acid catalyst under reflux
• Ketone + NaBH4

  Secondary alcohol
• Ketone + NaCN (acid catalyst:

  Hydroxynitrile
• Hydroxynitrile + Hydrogen (Ni catalyst)

  Amine
• Reagents needed for formation of hydroxynitrile from a ketone:

  NaCN and acid catalyst
• Reagents needed for formation of amide from a hydroxynitrile:

  Hydrogen and nickel catalyst
• Primary alcohol + acidified potassium dichromate (distillation with an acids catalyst)

  Aldehyde
• Reagents needed for formation of aldehyde

  Primary alcohol and acidified potassium dichromate and an acid catalyst under distillation
• Aldehyde + NaCN (H+ catalyst)

  Hydroxynitrile
• Aldehyde + NaBH4

  Primary alcohol
• Primary alcohol + acidified potassium dichromate (reflux with acid catalyst)

  Carboxylic acid
• Aldehyde + acidified potassium dichromate (reflux with acid catalyst)

  Carboxylate acid
• Nitrile + hydroxynitrile + hydrogen (with heat and an acid catayst)

  Carboxylic acid
• Carboxylic acid + alcohol (and concentrated acid)

  Ester
• Alcohol + acid anhydride

  Ester
• Ester + dilute acid (with heat)

  Carboxylic acid
• Ester + OH- (and heat)

  Carboxylate
• Acyl chloride + H2O

  Carboxylic acid
• Acyl chloride + Alcohol

  Ester
• Acyl chloride + NH3

  Primary amide
• Acyl chloride + primary amide

  Secondary amide
• Carboxylic acid + SOCl2

  Acyl chloride