State Crime

• How do Green and Ward define state crime?

  Illegal activities by state agencies
• Why do states seem to evade punishment for crimes?

  They define and uphold laws themselves
• What does national sovereignty imply for states?

  Supreme authority within their borders
• What are the four categories of state crime according to McLaughlin?

  Political, security, economic, social crimes
• How do Kramer and Michalowski differentiate corporate crime types?

  By state-facilitated and state-initiated crime
• What constitutes an illegal war under international law?

  Wars declared without UN Security Council approval
• What false claim did the USA and UK make to justify the Iraq invasion?

  Iraq had weapons of mass destruction
• What does Whyte describe about the USA's actions in Iraq?

  Neo-liberal colonization and constitution changes
• What crimes did Kramer and Michalowski identify during the Iraq war?

  Torture of prisoners, including Abu Ghraib abuses
• How does Chambliss define state crime?

  Acts defined as criminal by law by state officials
• What does zemiology recognize about state harm?

  Much harm is not against the law
• How does labeling affect the definition of state crime?

  It depends on societal audience perception
• What is international law based on?

  Treaties and agreements between states
• What are human rights according to Herman and Schwendinger?

  Natural rights people have by existing
• What does Adorno mean by an ‘authoritarian personality’?

  Willingness to obey orders without question
• What are crimes of obedience according to Green and Ward?

  Crimes requiring obedience to higher authority
• What are the three features producing crimes of obedience according to Kelman and Hamilton?

  Authorisation, routinisation, dehumanisation
• How do Zygmunt and Bauman relate modernity to state crimes?

  Modernity enabled the Holocaust through bureaucracy
• What is Cohen's idea of a ‘culture of denial’?

  States conceal or justify human rights crimes