HORMONES

• role of growth hormone?

  controls growth in children
• role of TSH?

  stimulates the thyroid gland to make thyroxine to control the rate of metabolism
• role of FSH?

  in women. stimultes the ovaries to mature eggs and make the female sex hormone oestrogen
• role of LH?

  in women, stimulates the ovaries to release eggs

  in men, stimulates the testes to make sperm and testosterone
• role of ADH?

  affects the amount of urine produced by the kidney
• what 5 hormones are produced by the pituitary gland?

  growth horone, TSH, FSH, LH and ADH
• Role of thyroxine?

  controls the metabolic rate of the body
• roles of insulin and glucagon?

  controls the levels of glucose in the blood
• what hormone is produced in the thyroid cgland?

  thyroxine
• what hormone is produced in the adrenal gland?

  adrenaline
• role of adrenaline?

  prepares the body for stressful situations (flight or fight response)
• what hormone is produced by the ovaries?

  oestrogen
• role of oestrogen?

  controls the development of the female secondary sexual characteristics and is involved in the menstrual cycle
• what hormone is produced in the testes?

  testosterone
• what is the role of testosterone?

  controls the development of the male secondary sexual characteristics and is involved in the production of sperm
• where is the thyroid gland found?

  in the neck
• examples of negative feedback in your body?

  body temperature, blood glucose, conrtol of water content in blood and control of thyroxine levels
• what is negative feedback?

  works to maintain a steady state - whatever the initial change, the response causes the opposite
• how are levels of thyroxine in the blood controlled?

  if thyroxine levels rise, TSH levels fall so thyroxine levels return to normal

  if thyroxine levels fall. TSH levels rise so thyroxine levels return to normal
• define insulin

  hormone that decreases blood sugar by converting glucose to glycogen
• define glucagon

  hormone that increases blood sugar by converting glycogen to glucose
• define glycogen

  storage molecule found in mammals
• what does the pancreas release when your blood glucose levels are too high?

  hormone called insulin

  --> excess glucose is converted and stored as insoluble glcogen in the liver and in muscles

  and cells take up glucose and use it for respiration

  and therefore blood glucose levels fall
• what does the pancrease release when blood glucose levels are too low?

  hormone called glucagon

  --> glucagon causes liver to break down stored glycogen into soluble glucose which is released back into the bloodstream for cells to use in respiration

  and so glucose levels then rise again
• what is diabetes?

  a disease where a perosn is unable to properly control their blood glucose levels
• cause of type 1 diabetes?

  body doesn't make enough insulin

  stronger genetic influence

  often links to autoimmune issues
• causes of type 2 diabetes?

  body makes insulin, but not enough and cells stop responding to it/

  insulin resistance due to fatty deposits on cell receptors

  environmental influence
• what are the long term symptoms of only type 1 diabetes?

  loss of eyesight, nerve damage, kidney disfunction/ failure, circulation system issues
• what are the short term symptoms for both type 1 and 2 diabetes?

  dehydration. increased urination, tired and weight loss
• treatments for type 1 diabetes?

  insulin injections before/after meals

  pancreas transplant, gene therapy. adult stem cell engineering
• treatments for type 2 diabetes?

  controlling diet, frequent excercise and losing weight.

  drugs to help insulin be more effective

  drugs to help pancreas produce more insulin

  reduce the glucose being absorbed

  insulin injections
• what are the 2 main types of hormones?

  proteins - have short effects

  steroids - have long term effects by interacting with genes in DNA
• what does IVF stand for?

  In-vitro fertilisation
• when is IVF used to treat infertility?

  fallopian tubes are damaged or blocked

  a donor egg has to be used

  if there is no obvious cause for long term infertility

  if the male doesn't produce many sperm
• what 2 hormones are found in the fertility drugs used for IVF?

  FSH and LH
• summarise the 4 stages of IVF

  1. fertility drugs mature lots of eggs
  2. eggs are introduced to sperm in petridish
  3. eggs are fertilised and start developing into embryos
  4. once fertilised, eggs have formed tiny balls of cells, 1 or 2 embryos are placed in uterus of mother
• what are 2 advantages of IVF?

  Spare eggs used as embryonic stem cells

  can be used for families where partners are infertile etc
• what are disadvantages of IVF?

  expensive

  may not work if egg doesn't embed

  babies could be premature so expensive for hospital

  ethicaly - should older women have kids, etc
• why would low FSH levels cause infertility?

  not enough FSH to stimulate the maturing of eggs in ovaries
• what are some causes of infertility?

  genetic

  drugs/alcohol, smoking

  eating disorders, obesity

  endometriosis

  lack of production of hormones / hormonal imbalance

  lack of eggs

  damaged / weak / too few sperm

  menopause

  damaged oviduct