Section B: the development of the Cold War

• when did truman deliver a speech to the us congress outlining the truman doctrine?

  on the 12th march 1947
• truman said that choosing democracy over communism...

  was like choosing good over evil
• truman said that america should be prepared to send...

  troops and economic aid to any country trying to resist communism
• what exactly was the truman doctrine?

  it promised support for democratic nations that were threatened by authoritarian forces
• what did the truman doctrine lead to?

  the marshall plan and to the decision to introduce the berlin airlift
• what was the marshall plan?

  america provided economic aid to war-torn countries in europe to prevent the spread of communism
• how much money did america give to aid western europe between 1948 and 1952?

  $12.7 billion
• what happened when america offered to aid eastern european countries?

  none accepted
• what did soviets describe the marshall plan as?

  dollar imperialism
• why did the soviets describe the marshall plan as dollar imperialism?

  the soviet union believed the marshall plan was an attempt by the united states to gain control over europe and exploit it for economic gain
• what did stalin do in response to the marshall plan?

  he set up his own economic plan, comecon
• what did the set up of comecon do to europe?

  it clearly divided europe into two economic camps
• what else did stalin establish in response to the marshall paln?

  cominform, in 1947
• what happened to europe over time due to the marshall plan?

  it contributed to western european economies becoming much stronger than eastern european ones. a contrast was particularly marked in berlin
• what did coninform stand for?

  the communist information bureau
• when was coninform established?

  september 1947
• how many members did coninform have?

  nine
• what did coninform allow stalin to do?

  to direct and control the governments of the satellite states
• all contact with non-communist countries...(coninform)

  was discouraged
• coninform rejected...and spread...

  rejected the marshall paln and spread anti-american propaganda
• what did comecon stand for?

  the council for mutual economic assistance
• when was comecon established?

  january 1949
• how many members did comecon have?

  seven
• comecon was in....to the marshall plan and aimed to support...

  in direct competion to the marshall plan and aimed to support economic development in its members states.
• what did comecon do?

  it arranged trade and credit agreements and trade with the west was discouraged
• what did comecon do?

  it brought eastern economies more closely under soviet control
• what did comecon do to bulgaria's trade?

  bulgaria's trade with other comecon members increased from 10% in the 1930s to over 90% in 1951
• the berlin crisis of 1948-1949

  1. in mar 1948, talks between the soviets and the west about reunifying germany broke down
  2. in mar 1948, the uk, usa, and fr decided to unify just their zones instead = 'Trizonia'
  3. in june 1948, the three allies introduced a single currency, the deutschmark.
  4. in response, stalin shut off land routes across soviet controlled germany into berlin (berlin blockade)
  5. the west wanted to avoid a direct confrontation by trying to force supplies through the closed land routes, so instead they flew in key supplies like food, coal and medical supplies.
• what was the end of the berlin crisis called?

  operation vittles, or the berlin airlift
• how many tonnes of supplies has been sent to berlin by air by january 1949?

  170,000 tonnes
• when did the soviets lift the blockade?

  9th may 1949
• what were the consequences of the berlin crisis?

  1. germany was now permanently divided, into the federal republic of germany and the german democratic republic
  2. the west realised they needed a formal military alliance and created NATO
  3. the usa had shown they were prepared to stick to the truman doctrine
  4. it was an embarrassing defeat for the ussr, while western propaganda portrayed it as a huge success
• what side of germany was the federal republic of germany?

  west germany
• what side of germnay was the german democratic republic?

  east germany
• narrative account of the formation of the federal repubic of germany and the german democratic republic

  1. 23 may 1949 - the usa, britain and france brought their zones together as a single state
  2. 14 august 1949 - a new parliament was elected, called the bundestag
  3. 15 septmber 1949 - the new chancellor, adenauer, took office
  4. the german democratic republic was created in october 1949
• what were the consequences of the formation of the federal republic of germany and the german democratic republic?

  1. it was clear the division of germany was now permanent
  2. when west germany joined NATO, this was a trigger for the formation of the warsaw pact
  3. neither german state officially recognised the other, leading to tension and subsequent Berlin ultimatum
• when did the usa, britain, france and nine other western countries joined together in the north atlantic treaty organisation?

  april 1949
• what did the members of NATO agree?

  they agreed that if any member was attacked, all members of NATO would come to its assistance
• what did the formation of NATO result in?

  an ongoing american military presence in europe and further emphasised the division in europe
• how did the soviet union respond when west germany joined NATO in may 1955?

  they formed the warsaw pact