Heterocyclic

• What compounds are studied in SCH 3214?

  Aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, amines
• What is the structure of carbonyl compounds?

  They contain a carbon-oxygen double bond
• What are the two types of carbonyl compounds?

  Aldehydes and ketones
• How is the carbonyl carbon in aldehydes characterized?

  It is joined to H and C
• How is the carbonyl carbon in ketones characterized?

  It is joined to C and C
• Where can many aldehydes and ketones be found?

  In plants and animals
• What is benzaldehyde found in?

  Almonds
• What is cinnamaldehyde found in?

  Cinnamon
• What is testosterone classified as?

  A sex hormone
• What is camphor found in?

  Camphor tree
• What is vanillin found in?

  Vanilla
• What is the bond length of the C–O bond in carbonyls?

  1.21 Å
• What is the bond length of the C–C bond in carbonyls?

  1.34 Å
• Why is the C–O bond shorter than the C–C bond?

  Due to polarization from oxygen's electronegativity
• What charge does the carbon bond develop?

  A positive charge
• What is the first step in the nomenclature of aldehydes?

  Select the longest carbon chain with carbonyl carbon
• What suffix replaces the -e ending in aldehydes nomenclature?

  -al
• How is the carbonyl carbon numbered in aldehydes?

  It is always numbered 1
• How are substituents named in aldehydes nomenclature?

  In the usual way
• What is the first step in the nomenclature of ketones?

  Select the longest carbon chain with carbonyl carbon
• What suffix replaces the -e ending in ketones nomenclature?

  -one
• How is the carbon chain numbered in ketones nomenclature?

  From the end closest to the ketone group
• Where does the location number for the ketone group appear in the name?

  It precedes the name of the longest chain
• What is the CHO group referred to as?

  Formyl
• What suffix is added when the formyl group is attached to a saturated ring?

  -carbaldehyde
• What is the name of a cyclohexane ring with a keto group?

  Cyclohexanone
• What is the physical state of formaldehyde?

  Gas
• What is the physical state of acetone?

  Liquid
• How do boiling and melting points of aldehydes and ketones change?

  They increase with molecular weight
• Why do aldehydes and ketones have lower boiling points than alcohols?

  They lack hydrogen bonding
• Why do aldehydes and ketones have higher boiling points than hydrocarbons?

  Due to the presence of the carbonyl group
• Why are lower aldehydes and ketones miscible with water?

  Due to carbonyl oxygen H-bonding with water
• What is the dipole moment of formaldehyde?

  2.27 D
• What is the dipole moment of acetone?

  2.85 D
• What is the dipole moment of ethanal?

  2.9 D
• What is the dipole moment of chloromethane?

  1.9 D
• What is the pKa range of aldehydes and ketones?

  16-20
• How do aldehydes and ketones behave in terms of acidity?

  They are weak acids
• How do aldehydes and ketones behave in terms of basicity?

  They behave as weak bases
• What is a common method for synthesizing aldehydes and ketones?

  Oxidation of primary and secondary alcohols