Li3 Lent 2025

    Cards (23)

    • types of ambiguity
      global [remains as two interpretations] and local [brief and gets resolved]
    • what grammar feature makes "the horse raced past the barn fell" possible
      reduced relatives
    • general hypotheses of order of parsing
      incremental parsing vs wait-and-see strategy
    • what are saccades
      in eye movement, rapid transition movements between fixations
    • why are fixations and saccades needed
      if were to move smoothly, would get a blurred image
    • what are the heuristics of garden path parsing
      minimal attachment and late closure
    • theorists responsible for heuristics of garden path parsing
      Frazier, 1988
    • minimal attachment
      attach incoming material into the phrase marker being constructed using the fewest nodes consistent with the well-formedness rules of the language
    • late closure
      if consistent with the rules of the grammar attach each incoming word into the structure currently being built
    • problem with psycho-syntactic studies of the 80s
      syntax modelling/theory has since changed
    • Fodor on modularity of mind 1985, p3
      module = informationally encapsulated computer system, inference-making mechanism, relatively rigidly and permanently constrained. module operations have access only to information in its database, at least some information available to some cognitive processes is not available to the module
    • Britt, Perfetti, Garrod and Rayner 1992
      although reduced relatives generally harder to interpret can bias context to speech reading speeds but still relatively slow e.g. a backing story before "the coffee spilled on the rug was difficult to conceal"
    • Taraban and McClelland 1988
      faster to read "the couple admired the house with a garden but knew it was overpriced" than "with a friend" ("but knew" was faster/slower). goes against minimal attachment, could be due to semantic/pragmatic influence?
    • Altmann and Steedman 1988
      faster to read "the burglar blew open the safe with the new lock" than "with the dynamite", goes against Minimal Attachment
    • MacDonald, Pearlmutter and Seidenberg 1994
      an interactive model of syntactic parsing where general knowledge, thematic interpreter, syntactic parser linked either way, syntactic parser attached to lexical processer which is where input goes in
    • what does EEG stand for
      electroencephalography
    • how does EEG work
      electrode cap on with 32 or 64 electrodes, picks up small voltages at skull, either positive or negative deflections of waves compared to a reference point e.g. the ground
    • Friederici 2002
      ERP study, found semantic discord "the thunderstorm was ironed" caused negative response, ELAN as a rapid negative response to syntax violation and a positive response to having to do syntactic reanalysis of "the blouse was on ironed." we do not know why this is the case but this study has proven to be replicable
    • where is Broca's area
      left and somewhat anterior (front)
    • where is Wernicke's area
      left and somewhat posterior (back)
    • Patel 2003
      Broca's area involved in other cognitive activities e.g. processing musical "syntax"
    • Maess et al, 2001
      harmonically inappropriate chords activate Broca's area, more in right hemisphere than left whereas language more so left that right
    • Friederici et al 2004 combined with Patel 2003
      Broca's area may be involved in forming hierarchical representations but not just in language
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