The thin layer of fatty acids and proteins that surrounds the cell.
Cytoskeleton
A network of filaments that provides structural support, shape, and movement to the cell.
Microfilaments and cell movement
Microfilaments contribute to cell movement through motor proteins, actin-basedmotility, cytoskeleton remodeling, and focal adhesions.
Cell Signaling
The process by which cells communicate with each other and respond to their environment.
Apoptosis
A regulated form of cell death that occurs in response to various stimuli.
Apoptosis Triggers
A variety of stimuli can trigger apoptosis, including DNA damage, growth factor withdrawal, pro-tumorigenic factors, viral infection, mitochondrial dysfunction, and signal transduction pathway activation.
DNA Damage and Apoptosis
DNA damage triggers apoptosis through the DNA Damage Response pathway, involving p53, p21, BAX, and BAK, leading to the activation of caspases and the execution of apoptosis.
Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs)
PRRs recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), triggering the activation of immune cells and the production of cytokines.
ΔG (Gibbs free energy)
Mesures the energy available for a system to do work, can be negative (spontaneous) or positive (non-spontaneous)
Allele
a pair of controlling character e.g skin colour, eye colour
chromatid
half of the chromosome
phenotype is the outward appearance determined by genotype
miosis only occurs in sex cells
Chloroplast
Organelle found in plant cells where photosynthesis takes place
homologus one from each parent
genus is written first 1st letter of the first word of the genus name
