Organic analysis

• What is used to test for alcohols?

  Acidified potassium dichromate
• What does acidified potassium dichromate distinguish between?

  Primary, secondary, and tertiary alcohols
• What color change indicates oxidation of primary and secondary alcohols?

  Orange to green
• What happens to tertiary alcohols when treated with dichromate?

  They remain orange
• Why can't primary and secondary alcohols be distinguished using dichromate alone?

  Both give the same color change
• What method is used to separate products from alcohol oxidation?

  Fractional distillation
• What is formed from the oxidation of primary alcohols?

  Aldehydes
• What is formed from the oxidation of secondary alcohols?

  Ketones
• What solution can distinguish between aldehydes and ketones?

  Fehling's solution
• What color change occurs when Fehling's solution reacts with aldehydes?

  Blue to brick red precipitate
• What happens to Fehling's solution when it reacts with ketones?

  It remains blue
• What is Tollen's reagent used for?

  Distinguishing between aldehydes and ketones
• What is the appearance of Tollen's reagent before use?

  Colorless
• What precipitate forms when Tollen's reagent reacts with aldehydes?

  Silver precipitate
• What happens when Tollen's reagent reacts with ketones?

  No precipitate forms
• What is the test for alkenes?

  Add bromine water
• What indicates the presence of an alkene when bromine water is added?

  Colorless solution forms
• What gas is produced when carboxylic acids react with carbonates?

  Carbon dioxide
• What happens to lime water when carbon dioxide is present?

  It turns cloudy
• What is mass spectrometry used for?

  Finding relative molecular mass of organic compounds
• What does the m+1 peak indicate in mass spectrometry?

  Mass of the original molecule
• What is high-resolution mass spectrometry used for?

  Identifying molecules with same molecular mass to the nearest whole number
• How does high-resolution mass spectrometry differ from standard mass spectrometry?

  It provides more decimal places
• Why is high-resolution mass spectrometry important?

  It helps distinguish similar molecules
• What does infrared (IR) spectroscopy use to increase vibrational energy?

  Infrared radiation
• What factors affect the frequency of infrared radiation absorbed by a bond?

  Atoms on either side of the bond
• What does a peak around 3000 cm^-1 suggest in an IR spectrum?

  Presence of an O-H bond in an acid
• What does a peak around 1700 cm^-1 indicate?

  Presence of a C=O bond
• What is the fingerprint region in IR spectroscopy?

  Unique peaks identifying specific molecules
• Why is the fingerprint region important in IR spectroscopy?

  It allows identification of specific molecules
• What do extra peaks in the fingerprint region indicate?

  Possible impurities in the sample
• What happens to electromagnetic radiation from the Sun?

  It is absorbed and re-emitted as infrared
• What is the relationship between infrared spectroscopy and greenhouse gases?

  Both involve absorption of infrared radiation
• What precipitates are formed when haloalkanes are warmed with NaOH + Acidified AgNO3?

  Precipitates of AgX
• What color is the precipitate for AgCl?

  White
• What color is the precipitate for AgBr?

  Cream
• What color is the precipitate for AgI?

  Yellow
• How is the molecular peak in a mass spectrum presented?

  Highest peak furthest right
• What is fragmentation in mass spectrometry?

  When ions break up into smaller ions
• What can fragment ions provide in mass spectrometry?

  Information to deduce the structure