cardiac pathologies

• What is the single largest cause of death worldwide?

  Cardiovascular disease
• What percentage of all deaths is cardiovascular disease responsible for?

  1. 30%
• What is the most common type of heart disease?

  Coronary heart disease (CHD)
• Why is coronary heart disease significant?

  It is the most common cause of heart attack
• How many out-of-hospital cardiac arrests occur in the UK each year?

  More than 30,000
• What is the survival rate for out-of-hospital cardiac arrests in the UK?

  1 in 10
• What age is considered premature death?

  Before the age of 75 years
• How many people in the UK live with heart and circulatory disease?

  Around 7.6 million
• How many hospital admissions in the UK are due to heart attacks each year?

  More than 100,000
• How often does a heart attack admission occur in the UK?

  Every 5 minutes
• How many people in the UK have survived a heart attack?

  Around 1.4 million
• How many people in the UK are living with heart failure?

  Over 900,000
• What increases the likelihood of developing vascular dementia?

  Family history of coronary heart disease
• What are the modifiable cardiac risk factors?

  • Smoking
  • Unhealthy diet
  • Obesity
  • Physical inactivity
  • Hypertension
  • Associated conditions (e.g., diabetes)
  • Dyslipidemia
  • Social isolation
  • Depression
  • Stress
• What are the non-modifiable cardiac risk factors?

  • Age
  • Sex (M>F)
  • Family history
  • Poor socioeconomic status
  • Indigenous status
  • Inflammation from diseases
• What is the most commonly diagnosed heart disease worldwide?

  Coronary (ischaemic) heart disease
• How many people are estimated to be living with coronary heart disease?

  Around 200 million
• How many men and women globally have coronary heart disease?

  110 million men and 80 million women
• How many deaths does coronary heart disease cause each year?

  Approximately 9 million
• What fraction of global deaths is caused by coronary heart disease?

  1 in 6 deaths
• How long had coronary heart disease been the leading cause of death worldwide before the pandemic?

  At least 30 years
• What is the trend of coronary heart disease deaths worldwide?

  It is killing more people than ever
• What did CHD overtake in 2018 as the biggest cause of premature mortality?

  Neonatal disorders
• What characterizes coronary heart disease?

  Relative decrease in myocardial perfusion
• What is a common cause of coronary heart disease?

  Atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries
• How is ischaemic heart disease often described?

  Interchangeably with coronary heart disease
• What is atherosclerosis described as?

  Chronic inflammatory disease of cardiac endothelium
• Where do plaques most commonly form in atherosclerosis?

  Aorta, coronary arteries, circle of Willis
• What are the signs and symptoms of ischaemic heart disease (IHD)?

  • Angina (stable or unstable)
  • Acute myocardial infarction
  • Chest pain or discomfort
  • Pain may spread to arms, neck, jaw, back, or stomach
  • Shortness of breath
• What is stable angina?

  Occurs when coronary perfusion fails to meet demand
• How is stable angina typically relieved?

  With rest or nitrate medications
• What characterizes unstable angina?

  Angina not proportional to exertion
• What can trigger unstable angina?

  Cold weather, emotional upset, heavy meals
• What is myocardial infarction (MI)?

  Tissue death caused by ischaemia
• What causes myocardial infarction?

  Rupture of atherosclerotic plaque in a coronary artery
• What is the most common symptom of myocardial infarction?

  Chest pain or discomfort
• What is STEMI?

  ST segment elevation myocardial infarction
• How is STEMI confirmed?

  ECG shows ST segment elevation
• What is NSTEMI?

  Non-ST segment elevation myocardial infarction
• How many stroke survivors are estimated worldwide?

  100 million