Lecture 1

• What is the main focus of the study material?

  Biochemistry
• What is the first section of the study material titled?

  The Chemistry of Life
• What are the elements of life mentioned in the study material?

  • Carbon (C)
  • Hydrogen (H)
  • Nitrogen (N)
  • Oxygen (O)
  • Phosphorus (P)
  • Sulfur (S)
• What is the significance of valence shells in chemistry?

  They determine how atoms bond.
• What do electron pairs form in chemical bonding?

  Covalent bonds
• What is the characteristic of covalent bonds?

  They have a defined length and direction.
• What types of bonds can carbon form?

  • Single bonds
  • Double bonds
  • Triple bonds
• What is the geometry of carbon atoms with four single bonds?

  Tetrahedral geometry
• How does rotation around single bonds affect molecules?

  It changes the conformation of the molecule.
• What is the difference between single and double bonds regarding rotation?

  Single bonds allow rotation; double bonds do not.
• What are the functional groups mentioned in the study material?

  • Hydroxyl group
  • Carbonyl group
  • Carboxyl group
  • Amino group
  • Phosphate group
• What are alcohols characterized by?

  Presence of a hydroxyl group
• What is the formula for acetic acid?

  C₂H₄O₂
• What type of bond is formed between amino acids?

  Peptide bond
• What are common linking bonds in biomolecules?

  • Esters
  • Phosphodiesters
  • Amides
  • Glycosidic bonds
• What is the structure of ATP?

  Adenosine triphosphate
• What is the role of disulfide bonds in proteins?

  They stabilize protein structure.
• What is a glycosidic bond?

  A bond between sugar molecules.
• What are the types of functional groups that confer specific reactivity to molecules?

  • Hydroxyl
  • Carbonyl
  • Carboxyl
  • Amino
  • Phosphate
  • Ether
  • Ester
  • Thioester
  • Amide
  • Disulfide
  • Phosphate ester
  • Phosphodiester
  • Hemiacetal
  • Glycosidic
• How do functional groups affect the properties of organic molecules?

  They determine reactivity and interactions.
• What is the role of the sulfhydryl group in proteins?

  It forms disulfide bonds.
• What is the significance of the carboxyl group?

  It acts as an acid in reactions.
• What is the structure of a thioester?

  Contains a sulfur atom in the ester.
• What is the function of phosphodiester bonds?

  They link nucleotides in DNA and RNA.
• How do phosphoanhydride bonds differ from phosphodiester bonds?

  Phosphoanhydride bonds store energy; phosphodiester bonds link nucleotides.
• What is the role of the amino group in amino acids?

  It acts as a base.
• What is the significance of the carbonyl group?

  It is involved in forming ketones and aldehydes.
• What is the structure of saccharose?

  It is a disaccharide composed of glucose and fructose.
• What is the role of the hydroxyl group in organic compounds?

  It makes compounds polar and soluble.
• How do thioester bonds contribute to metabolism?

  They are involved in energy transfer reactions.
• What is the function of the phosphate group in biomolecules?

  It provides energy and structural support.
• What is the role of the amide bond in proteins?

  It links amino acids together.
• What is the structure of a glycosidic bond?

  A bond between two sugar molecules.
• What is the significance of the ether bond?

  It links two carbon atoms through oxygen.
• How do glycosidic bonds affect carbohydrate structure?

  They determine the linkage and branching of sugars.
• What is the role of the disulfide bond in proteins?

  It stabilizes the three-dimensional structure.
• What is the function of the sulfhydryl group in proteins?

  It forms disulfide bonds between cysteine residues.
• How do functional groups influence the reactivity of organic molecules?

  They determine how molecules interact in reactions.
• What is the significance of the carboxylate group?

  It acts as a conjugate base of carboxylic acids.
• What is the role of the acetyl group in metabolism?

  It is involved in energy transfer and storage.