atomic structure + periodic table

• What are the three subatomic particles in an atom?

  Protons, electrons, and neutrons
• Where are protons and neutrons located in an atom?

  In the nucleus
• How do electrons move in an atom?

  They move around the nucleus in electron shells
• What does the atomic number indicate?

  Number of protons in an atom
• What does the mass number represent?

  Protons plus neutrons in an atom
• What are isotopes?

  Different forms of the same element
• How do isotopes differ from each other?

  They have the same number of protons but different neutrons
• What is relative atomic mass?

  Average mass considering isotopes
• How is relative atomic mass calculated?

  Sum of (isotope abundance x isotope mass number) divided by total abundances
• What do atoms form when they join together?

  Compounds
• How are atoms held together in compounds?

  With a chemical bond
• What type of compound is formed from a metal and a non-metal?

  Ionic compound
• How do non-metals bond?

  Through covalent bonding by sharing electrons
• How can mixtures be separated?

  Using physical methods
• What are some methods to separate mixtures?

  Filtration, crystallization, distillation, chromatography
• Who described atoms as solid spheres?

  John Dalton
• What did JJ Thomson conclude about atoms?

  They contain negatively charged electrons
• What is the plum pudding model?

  Atom as a ball of positive charge with electrons
• What experiment did Rutherford conduct?

  Alpha particle scattering experiments
• What did Rutherford conclude from his experiments?

  There is a positively charged nucleus
• What did Niels Bohr suggest about electrons?

  Electrons are contained in shells orbiting the nucleus
• Who provided evidence for neutral particles?

  James Chadwick
• What do electrons occupy in an atom?

  Shells, also called energy levels
• How many electrons can the first shell hold?

  Two electrons
• How many electrons can the other shells hold?

  Up to eight electrons
• Why do atoms react?

  To fill their outer shells
• How do metals and non-metals typically react?

  Metals lose electrons, non-metals gain or share
• What is metallic bonding?

  Bonds that give metals their properties
• What are some properties of metals?

  Strong, malleable, good conductors, high melting points
• How do non-metals differ from metals?

  Non-metals lack metallic bonding and properties
• What are group 1 elements known as?

  Alkali metals
• Why are alkali metals highly reactive?

  They have one electron in their outer shell
• What happens to reactivity as you go down group 1?

  Reactivity increases
• What do alkali metals form when reacting with non-metals?

  Ionic compounds
• What do alkali metals produce when reacting with water?

  Metal hydroxides and hydrogen gas
• What do alkali metals form when reacting with chlorine gas?

  White metal chloride salts
• What do alkali metals react with to form metal oxides?

  Oxygen
• What are group 7 elements called?

  Halogens
• What are the physical states of halogens?

  Colored vapours, various physical states
• What is the appearance of fluorine?

  Poisonous yellow gas