IMMUNOSERO part 1

• The study of a hostage's reaction when foreign substances are introduced into the body.

  Immunology
• The condition of being resistant to infection.

  Immunity
• What was the earliest recorded immunological experimentation

  Variolation
• Chinese practice of inhaling powder made from smallpox scabs to produce protection.

  Variolation
• Who recorded the “immune” status in 430 BC?

  Thucydides
• What was Edward Jenner's contribution to immunology?

  He introduced the smallpox vaccination and cross immunity
• A phenomenon where exposure to one agent produces protection against another

  cross-immunity
• What did Haeckel discover?

  Phagocytosis
• He developed live attenuated chicken cholera and anthrax vaccines and introduced the concept of attenuation (reduction of virulence)

  Louis Pasteur
• Who is considered the Father of Immunology

  Louis Pasteur
• What did Metchnikoff propose?

  The cellular theory of immunity through phagocytosis
• What was the contribution of Von Behring and Kitasata?


  The humoral theory of immunity.
• What did Koch demonstrate?

  The mechanism of cutaneous (delayed-type) hypersensitivity and MTB
• What did Ehrlich discover?

  Antibody formation theory.
• What did Portier and Richet study?

  Immediate-hypersensitivity and anaphylaxis
• A localized immune complex-mediated hypersensitivity reaction.

  Arthus reaction
• What did Salk and Sabin develop?

  The polio vaccine
• What was Reed’s contribution to immunology?

  He developed the vaccine against yellow fever and graft-versus-host reaction.
• What did Burnet propose?

  The clonal selection theory and interferon

  HLA

  Identification of Ab
• What did Kohler discover?

  first monoclonal antibodies.

  monoclonal hepatitis B vaccine
• What did Mosmann propose?

  The Th1 versus Th2 model of T helper cell function.

  toll-like receptors
• What did Frazer develop?

  The human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine.
• What did Jules Bordet discover?

  The nature of complement.
• What was Almouth Wright’s contribution to immunology?

  He linked the ”Cellular and Humoral” theories.
• What are the types of natural immunity?

  • Natural Active - Infection.

  Natural Passive - Transfer of IgG through breastfeeding.
• What are the types of artificial immunity

  • Artificial Active - Vaccination
  • Artificial Passive - Transfer of preformed antibodies (e.g., RhIg).
• Proposed by Ellie Metchnikoff; involves phagocytosis and cellular immune response

  cellular immunity
• Involves non-cellular elements like opsonins, antibodies, and acute-phase reactants.

  humoral immunity
• What are the two branches of immunity?

  1. Natural (Innate) Immunity
  2. Adaptive (Acquired) Immunity
• What are the characteristics of innate immunity?

  • Ability to resist infection by means of normally present body functions.
  • Non-adaptive or nonspecific.
  • No prior exposure is required.
  • Response does not change with repeated exposure
• What are the two types of innate defense?

  1. External Defense (First Line of Defense)
  2. Internal Defense (Second Line of Defense)
• What are examples of external defense mechanisms?Physical Barriers

  • Skin Barrier
  • Mucous Secretions
  • Cilia
  • Flushing Actions
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  • Chemical Defenses
  • 
    
  • Normal Flora
• Skin, mucous membranes, cilia, flushing of urine (FIRST LINE OF DEFENSE).

  Physical Barriers
• Contains keratin, has a pH of 5-6, produces defensins (antibacterial proteins)

  Skin Barrier
• Contain surfactants that help move pathogens out.

  Mucous Secretions
• Trap and remove microbes

  Cilia
• Slightly acidic

  Flushing Action of urine
• Lactic acid, lysozyme, hydrochloric acid (HCL) in the stomach.

  Chemical Defenses
• Prevents harmful bacterial colonization through competitive exclusion.

  Normal Flora
• An enzyme found in bodily secretions like tears and saliva that breaks down bacterial cell walls.

  lysozyme