natural increase

• Example : Planned Parenthood Federation Nigeria

  • PPFN aims to educate women, offer family planning, provide contraception all for free in communities that need it the most
  • 16% of married women use modern contraception
  • 23% of women between 15 and 19 become pregnant
• Social factors affecting fertility levels:

  • tradition
  • education
  • age structure
  • religion
  • status of women
• Political factors affecting fertility levels:

  • government policy
• Economic factors affecting fertility levels:

  • economic factors
  • death rate
  • sanitation
  • healthcare
• Social mortality factor:

  • ageing population - countries with an ageing population have a high death rate
  • HIV/AIDS - massive impact on sub-saharan countries
  • non-communicable disease - lifestyle factors such as exercise, processed food, alcohol, and tobacco lead to cardiovascular diseases
• Economic mortality factor:

  • poverty - exacerbates other factors
  • infant mortality - children are most vulnerable to disease, especially with poor healthcare and dirty water
  • medical infrastructure - people have to use traditional remedies if there isn't easy access to medical facilities
  • economic development - increase in wealth leads to better sanitation, diet and education which reduces disease
  • injury-related - murder and war, car accidents, industrial injuries in countries with little health and safety
• Death rates in HICs are high because they have an ageing population, even though they have good access to food and healthcare. Australia and the USA have the lowest death rates in the developed world due to immigration canceling out the ageing population.
• Death rates are high in former communist countries due to the high levels of alcohol consumption.
• NICs have an increasing GDP/person and a young population so there aren't as many deaths caused by disease or old age.
• Oil rich countries such as Venezuela have good healthcare, water, nutrition, and sewage, as well as a young population so death rates are low.
• LICs have a low GDP/person so they have poor nutrition, water access, sewage and healthcare which leads to high infant mortality rates and high death rates.
• birth rate - number of babies born per 1000 people, per year
• death rate - number of deaths per 1000 people, per year
• fertility rate - average number of children each women in a population will have during their lifetime
• natural change = birth rate - death rate
• Kerala has changing fertility rates. Kerala's population growth rate has slowed massively, due to the government prioritising the needs of the people, with a focus on young women.
• Kerala Statistics:

  • life expectancy is 75
  • infant mortality is 6 (2019)
  • female literacy rate is 85
  • use of contraceptives is 64
  • fertility rate is 1.8
• Reasons for Kerala's changing fertility rates:

  • women receive money when marrying instead of paying the dowry, so they are seen as a benefit to the family
  • women can own land
  • women can get a good education so they pursue careers
  • educated women marry later and have fewer kids
  • good healthcare reduces infant mortality rates
• Effects of Kerala's changing fertility rates:

  • population may stop growing in 20 years
  • ageing population that requires care, so taxes increase
  • healthcare system is already struggling
• Features of population structure diagrams:

  • age groups are split into 5 year blocks on the y axis
  • percentage of sex on the x axis
  • show change over time
  • gives birth rate, death rate, infant mortality rate, and life expectancy
  • bulges and dips are connected to key events
  • divides into young dependents, economically active and elderly dependents
  • used to plan tax money distribution
• dependency ratio = (young dependents + old dependents)/working population
• support ratio = working population/(young dependents + old dependents)
• juvenility index = % of population under 20/% of population over 20
• old-age index = % of population over 60/% of population under 60
• Sex ratio is the number of male births per 100 female births in a population. Male births consistently outnumber female births but this is balanced by male death rates being higher. Men have more accidents and health problems like heart attacks or strokes. However, in some countries, women are seen to be inferior to men so they are less likely to receive medical care.
• Stage 2 population pyramid (Burkina Faso):

  • concave pyramid
  • high birth rate
  • high death rate for all ages
  • high infant mortality rate
  • low life expectancy
• Stage 3 population pyramid (Brazil):

  • convex pyramid
  • high birth rate
  • low death rate that used to be high
  • low infant mortality rate
  • population dividend
• Stage 4 population pyramid (USA):

  • barrel shape
  • low birth rate but immigration stops it from decreasing
  • low death rate
  • low infant mortality rate
  • high life expectancy
  • large working population
• Stage 5 population pyramid (Japan):

  • spinning top shape
  • low decreasing birth rate leads to pro-natalist policies
  • high life expectancy where women live longer
  • top heavy due to ageing population
  • small working population so high tax
• BRICS (examples of successful NICs) - Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa
• MINT (emerging economies) - Mexico, Indonesia, Nigeria, Turkey
• 4 Asian Tigers (Hong Kong, Singapore, South Korea, Taiwan) are the four highly developed economies in Asia by being the first place of high-tech manufacturing. They took advantage of a population dividend, which is when there is a large working population due to the high birth rates and decreasing infant mortality.
• Karoshi - Japanese word for dying from work