Human enviroment

• What is urbanisation described as in the study material?

  A global process
• What contrasting trends in urbanisation are noted over the last 50 years?

  Trends in developed, emerging, and developing countries
• Why has urbanisation occurred at different times and rates globally?

  Due to varying development levels and effects
• What does the degree of urbanisation vary across in the UK?

  Regions of the UK
• What factors cause differences in urbanisation rates in the UK?

  Regional factors affecting urbanisation
• What is the focus of the case study of a major UK city?

  The context influencing its functions and structure
• What aspects of the chosen UK city are analyzed in terms of site and situation?

  National, regional, and global context
• What structural components are examined in the chosen UK city?

  CBD, inner city, suburbs, urban-rural fringe
• What processes are involved in the changes occurring in the chosen UK city?

  Urbanisation, suburbanisation, counterurbanisation, re-urbanisation
• What impacts do national and international migration have on the chosen UK city?

  Age structure, ethnicity, housing, services
• What challenges does globalisation and economic change create for the chosen UK city?

  Challenges requiring long-term solutions
• What key population characteristics are analyzed from the Census for the chosen UK city?

  Population growth or decline reasons
• What causes deindustrialisation in the chosen UK city?

  Globalisation, de-centralisation, technological advances
• How does economic change affect inequality in the chosen UK city?

  Increases inequality and quality of life differences
• What recent changes in retailing are impacting the chosen UK city?

  Decline in CBD, growth of edge and out-of-town shopping
• What strategies are suggested for making urban living more sustainable in the chosen UK city?

  Recycling, employment, education, health, transport
• What influences the functions and structure of a chosen developing or emerging country city?

  Site, situation, and connectivity
• What structural components are analyzed in the chosen developing or emerging country city?

  CBD, inner city, suburbs, urban-rural fringe
• What factors influence the character of the chosen developing or emerging country city?

  Fast rate of population growth
• What reasons contribute to past and present trends in population growth in the chosen city?

  Natural increase, migration, economic investment
• How does the growth of the chosen city relate to inequality?

  Increases inequality between wealth and poverty
• What challenges arise from rapid urbanisation in the chosen city?

  Variable quality of infrastructure, services, housing
• What are the advantages of bottom-up approaches to managing urban challenges?

  Community involvement and local knowledge
• What role do government policies play in improving quality of life in the chosen city?

  Enhancing social, economic, and environmental conditions
• What are the contrasting trends in urbanisation over the last 50 years in different parts of the world?

  Developed, emerging and developing countries have experienced different rates of urbanisation
• Why has urbanisation occurred at different times and rates in different parts of the world?

  Due to differences in economic development and industrialisation between developed, emerging and developing countries
• What is the distribution of urban population in the UK and the location of its major urban centres?

  The urban population is concentrated in major cities and towns across the UK
• What factors cause the rate and degree of urbanisation to differ between the regions of the UK?

  Differences in economic opportunities, transport links, and historical development between UK regions
• What are the key elements of the site, situation and connectivity of the chosen UK city?

  The city's location, environmental context, and transport links within the national, regional and global context
• How does the structure of the chosen UK city (CBD, inner city, suburbs, urban-rural fringe) relate to its functions and building age?

  Different parts of the city have distinct functions and building ages based on the urbanisation process
• What are the key urbanisation processes that have occurred in the chosen UK city?

  Urbanisation, suburbanisation, counterurbanisation, and re-urbanisation
• How have the urbanisation processes impacted different parts of the chosen UK city?

  The processes have led to changes in the city's age structure, ethnicity, housing, and services
• What are the key population characteristics of the chosen UK city available from the Census?

  Population size, growth or decline, and reasons for changes
• What are the causes of deindustrialisation in the chosen UK city?

  Globalisation, decentralisation, technological advances, and developments in transport
• How has economic change increased inequality in the chosen UK city?

  It has led to differences in quality of life between areas of wealth and poverty
• What are the recent changes in retailing and their impact on the chosen UK city?

  Decline in the CBD, growth of edge- and out-of-town shopping, and increasing popularity of internet shopping
• What are the possible strategies to make urban living more sustainable and improve quality of life in the chosen UK city?

  Strategies such as recycling, employment, education, health, transport, and affordable/energy-efficient housing
• What are the key elements of the site, situation and connectivity of the chosen developing/emerging country city?

  The city's location, environmental context, and transport links within the national, regional and global context
• How does the structure of the chosen developing/emerging country city (CBD, inner city, suburbs, urban-rural fringe) relate to its functions and building age?

  Different parts of the city have distinct functions and building ages based on the urbanisation process
• What are the reasons for past and present trends in population growth in the chosen developing/emerging country city?

  Rates of natural increase, national and international migration, and economic investment and growth