enzymes

• • What is an enzyme?

  An enzyme is usually a protein molecule with a characteristic sequence of amino acids that fold to produce a specific three-dimensional structure, which gives the molecule unique properties. It's a substance that speeds up a chemical reaction-without being a reactant. A catalyst. They are usually proteins, though some ribonucleic acid (RNA) molecules act as enzymes too.
• • What is their task

  Enzymes perform the critical task of lowering a reaction's activation energy that is, the amount of energy that must be put in for the reaction to begin. Enzymes work by binding to reactant molecules and holding them in such a way that the chemical bond-breaking and bond-forming processes take place more readily
• • Name 6 enzymes

  SCB: Enzymes are often classified and named based on the reaction they catalyse, as follows:

  EC 1 Oxidoreductases catalyse oxidation/reduction reactions

  EC 2 Transferases: transfer a functional group (e.g. a methyl or phosphate group)

  EC 3 Hydrolases: catalyse the hydrolysis of various bonds

  EC 4 Lyases: cleave various bonds by means other than hydrolysis and oxidation

  EC 5 Isomerases: catalyse isomerization changes within a single molecule

  EC 6 Ligases: join two molecules with covalent bonds
• • What must an enzyme do to catalyze a reaction? what are they called?

  An enzyme must bind to one or more reactant molecules. They are called substrates.
• • What happens in a reaction where one substrate is involved?

  One substrate is broken down into multiple products.
• • What occurs when two substrates interact during a reaction?

  Two substrates may come together to create one larger molecule or swap pieces.
• • What is the role of the active site in an enzyme?

  The active site is where the substrate binds and the catalytic action takes place.
• • Where does the catalytic action of an enzyme take place?

  It takes place at the enzyme's active site
• • How are enzymes influenced by amino acids

  As mentioned before, proteins are made of units called amino acids, and in enzymes that are proteins, the active site gets its properties from the amino acids it's built out of. These amino acids may have side chains that are large or small, acidic or basic, hydrophilic or hydrophobic.
• • what is the specificity of enzymes
  • Specificity of enzymes

  1. Absolute specificity
  2. Group specificity
  3. Linkage specificity
  4. Stereochemical specificity
• • What influences the enzyme function?

  Environmental effects on enzyme function: Temperature PH
• • what is the name of the adjustment of the enzyme?

  In the past, the matching between an enzyme's active and substrate was called the lock-and-key model. However, since then scientists have found out that an enzyme slightly changes its shape when it binds its substrate, resulting in a very tight fit. The adjustment of the enzyme is called induced fit
• • What happens after binding to the substrate?

  After binding to its substrate an enzyme lowers the activation energy of the reaction, enabling it to happen more quickly. This is temporary. At the end of the reaction, the enzyme will return to its original state and not stay bound to the reacting molecules. When it is done it releases the product/products and gets ready for another cycle of catalysis.
• • When does enzymes stop working?

  Enzymes work consistently until they are dissolved or become denatured. When enzymes denature, they are no longer active and cannot function. Extreme temperature and the wrong levels of pH-a measure of a substance's acidity or alkalinity - can cause enzymes to become denatured (below).
• Explain enzyme-catalyzed reaction.

  In an enzyme-catalyzed reaction

  a substrate attaches to the active site.

  an enzyme-substrate (ES) complex forms.

  reaction occurs and products are released.

  an enzyme is used over and over.

  
• What is a restriction enzyme?

  A restriction enzyme (or restriction endonuclease) is an enzyme that cuts double-stranded DNA at specific sites that it recognizes.

  The enzyme makes two incisions, one through each of the sugar-phosphate backbones (i.e., each strand) of the double helix without damaging the nitrogenous bases.
• What is the enzymatic function of restriction enzymes?

  Restriction enzymes are meant to cut the DNA at specific lengths.

  In bacteria, these enzymes help to destroy DNA of bacteriophages (virus) and protect them
• Function of Enzymes Enzymes are involved in critical body functions like

  1.Digestion

  2.Metabolism

  3.Blood pressure control

  4.Excretion in kidney

  5.Blood clotting

  6.Nervous system control

  7.Repair and wound healing

  8.Reproduction

  9.Immunity and body defense

  10.Secretion.
• Digestion Enzymes are the key molecules that process digestion in the body. Enzyme amylase breaks down carbohydrates to simpler forms like glucose Protease enzymes break down proteins into peptides and amino acids. Enzyme lipase help in breaks down lipids into fatty acids and glycerol. Nucleases enzymes catalyze the breakdown of nucleic acids. Due to this breakdown, they are easily absorbed into the bloodstream.
• • When does enzymes stop working?

  Enzymes work consistently until they are dissolved or become denatured. When enzymes denature, they are no longer active and cannot function. Extreme temperature and the wrong levels of pH-a measure of a substance's acidity or alkalinity - can cause enzymes to become denatured