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Nuclear Physics
Nuclear Fusion and Fission
Operation of a Nuclear Reactor
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Created by
Harry Parker
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Cards (31)
What is required to keep a nuclear reactor running?
A
chain reaction
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What two factors must be controlled when a reactor produces energy?
The number and energy of
free neutrons
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What are the main components of a nuclear reactor?
Moderator
Control rods
Coolant
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What is the purpose of a moderator in a nuclear reactor?
To slow down
neutrons
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What materials are commonly used as moderators?
Water
and
graphite
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How do fast-moving neutrons slow down in a moderator?
By colliding with the moderator's
molecules
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What is meant by 'thermal neutron'?
Neutrons in thermal equilibrium with the
moderator
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What is the purpose of control rods in a nuclear reactor?
To absorb
neutrons
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How is the number of neutrons absorbed by control rods controlled?
By varying the
depth
of the control rods
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What happens when control rods are lowered in a reactor?
Decreases the rate of
fission
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What occurs when control rods are raised?
Increases the
rate of fission
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What can be done to shut down a nuclear reactor?
Lower the
control rods
completely
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What is the purpose of coolant in a nuclear reactor?
To transfer
thermal energy
efficiently
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What is usually used as coolant in a nuclear reactor?
Water
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How does the coolant function in the heat exchanger?
Transfers heat to produce
steam
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What happens to the coolant after it extracts heat from the reactor?
It produces
steam
to power turbines
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What is the role of the heat exchanger in a nuclear power plant?
Regulates
multiple
water systems
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What happens after each fission reaction in a nuclear reactor?
2 or 3
high-energy
neutrons
are released
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Why is it important to slow down neutrons after fission?
To maintain the
chain reaction
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What occurs during the first few collisions of a neutron with the moderator?
Energy
is transferred to excite nuclei
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What is released as gamma radiation during neutron collisions?
Energy from
de-exciting
nuclei
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What type of collisions occur after the initial neutron collisions?
Elastic collisions
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What happens to neutrons after about 50 collisions with the moderator?
They reach
thermal
random motion speeds
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Why do neutrons need to reach thermal speeds?
To cause
fission
rather than rebound
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What materials are used for nuclear reactor components?
Moderators
:
Graphite
, water
Control rods
:
Boron
, cadmium
Coolant
: Water,
molten salt
, inert gas
Shielding
: Lead, concrete
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Why must moderators be made from light nuclei?
To absorb energy without
fissioning
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What is the significance of using water as both coolant and moderator?
It has a high
specific heat capacity
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What is the purpose of shielding in a nuclear reactor?
To prevent
radiation
leakages
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What materials can stop alpha and beta radiation?
A few
cm
of material
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What materials are needed to stop gamma radiation?
Lead
or
concrete
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What is the summary of materials used in nuclear reactors?
Moderators:
Graphite
, water
Control rods:
Boron
,
cadmium
Coolant: Water,
molten salt
,
inert gas
Shielding:
Lead
,
concrete
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