Operation of a Nuclear Reactor

Cards (31)

  • What is required to keep a nuclear reactor running?
    A chain reaction
  • What two factors must be controlled when a reactor produces energy?
    The number and energy of free neutrons
  • What are the main components of a nuclear reactor?
    • Moderator
    • Control rods
    • Coolant
  • What is the purpose of a moderator in a nuclear reactor?
    To slow down neutrons
  • What materials are commonly used as moderators?
    Water and graphite
  • How do fast-moving neutrons slow down in a moderator?
    By colliding with the moderator's molecules
  • What is meant by 'thermal neutron'?
    Neutrons in thermal equilibrium with the moderator
  • What is the purpose of control rods in a nuclear reactor?
    To absorb neutrons
  • How is the number of neutrons absorbed by control rods controlled?
    By varying the depth of the control rods
  • What happens when control rods are lowered in a reactor?
    Decreases the rate of fission
  • What occurs when control rods are raised?
    Increases the rate of fission
  • What can be done to shut down a nuclear reactor?
    Lower the control rods completely
  • What is the purpose of coolant in a nuclear reactor?
    To transfer thermal energy efficiently
  • What is usually used as coolant in a nuclear reactor?
    Water
  • How does the coolant function in the heat exchanger?
    Transfers heat to produce steam
  • What happens to the coolant after it extracts heat from the reactor?
    It produces steam to power turbines
  • What is the role of the heat exchanger in a nuclear power plant?
    Regulates multiple water systems
  • What happens after each fission reaction in a nuclear reactor?
    2 or 3 high-energy neutrons are released
  • Why is it important to slow down neutrons after fission?
    To maintain the chain reaction
  • What occurs during the first few collisions of a neutron with the moderator?
    Energy is transferred to excite nuclei
  • What is released as gamma radiation during neutron collisions?
    Energy from de-exciting nuclei
  • What type of collisions occur after the initial neutron collisions?
    Elastic collisions
  • What happens to neutrons after about 50 collisions with the moderator?
    They reach thermal random motion speeds
  • Why do neutrons need to reach thermal speeds?
    To cause fission rather than rebound
  • What materials are used for nuclear reactor components?
    • Moderators: Graphite, water
    • Control rods: Boron, cadmium
    • Coolant: Water, molten salt, inert gas
    • Shielding: Lead, concrete
  • Why must moderators be made from light nuclei?
    To absorb energy without fissioning
  • What is the significance of using water as both coolant and moderator?
    It has a high specific heat capacity
  • What is the purpose of shielding in a nuclear reactor?
    To prevent radiation leakages
  • What materials can stop alpha and beta radiation?
    A few cm of material
  • What materials are needed to stop gamma radiation?
    Lead or concrete
  • What is the summary of materials used in nuclear reactors?
    • Moderators: Graphite, water
    • Control rods: Boron, cadmium
    • Coolant: Water, molten salt, inert gas
    • Shielding: Lead, concrete