Effect of temp and ph on enzymes

• What is the effect of temperature on enzyme activity?

  Temperature affects the rate of enzyme reactions
• What is the role of enzymes in chemical reactions?

  Enzymes speed up chemical reactions
• What is the groove on an enzyme's surface called?

  Active site
• What is a substrate in relation to enzymes?

  Substrate is the molecule that enzymes react with
• What is the purpose of an enzyme's active site?

  The active site is where the substrate fits and the enzyme reaction occurs
• What is the 'lock and key' theory of enzyme-substrate interaction?

  The substrate must fit perfectly into the enzyme's active site, like a lock and key
• What is the optimum temperature for most human enzymes?

  37 degrees Celsius
• Why does enzyme activity decrease at temperatures above the optimum?

  The enzyme's active site becomes denatured and the substrate can no longer fit
• What happens to an enzyme's active site when the temperature is too high?

  The active site becomes denatured and the substrate can no longer fit
• Why does enzyme activity decrease at pH levels above or below the optimum?

  The enzyme's active site becomes denatured at non-optimal pH levels
• What is the optimum pH for a protease enzyme in the stomach?

  Acidic pH
• What is the optimum pH for a lipase enzyme released from the pancreas?

  Alkaline pH
• How does increasing temperature affect the rate of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction?

  • As temperature increases, the rate of the enzyme-catalyzed reaction increases
  • This is because the enzyme and substrate move faster, leading to more collisions per second
  • The rate reaches a maximum at the optimum temperature
  • Above the optimum temperature, the enzyme's active site becomes denatured and the rate decreases to zero
• How does changing the pH affect the rate of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction?

  • Each enzyme has an optimum pH where its activity is maximized
  • At pH levels above or below the optimum, the enzyme's active site becomes denatured
  • This causes the rate of the enzyme-catalyzed reaction to decrease to zero
• How do the functions of a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and a transmission electron microscope (TEM) differ?

  SEMs produce 3D images, while TEMs produce 2D images
• What are the strengths and weaknesses of qualitative research methods?

  Strengths:

  • Provides in-depth, rich data
  • Flexible and adaptable to new information
  • Captures complex phenomena

  
  

  Weaknesses:

  • Time-consuming and labor-intensive
  • Potential for researcher bias
  • Limited generalizability
  • Difficulty in replicating results
• How does photosynthesis work in plants?

  Process of photosynthesis:

  1. Light absorption by chlorophyll
  2. Light-dependent reactions: water splits, electrons excited
  3. Electron transport chain: ATP and NADPH produced
  4. Calvin cycle (light-independent reactions):

  • CO2 fixation
  • Reduction of fixed carbon
  • Regeneration of RuBP

  1. Glucose and other carbohydrates synthesized
• What is the first derivative of $x^2$?


  $2x$
• What are the main components of the cell membrane?

  • Phospholipid bilayer
  • Proteins (integral and peripheral)
  • Cholesterol
  • Carbohydrates (in glycoproteins and glycolipids)
• What are the steps of the scientific method?

  1. Ask a question
  2. Do background research
  3. Construct a hypothesis
  4. Test the hypothesis by doing an experiment
  5. Analyze the data and draw a conclusion
  6. Communicate the results