End of cold war

• What was the Reagan Doctrine?

  US would support anti-communist groups
• Where did the USA start implementing the Reagan Doctrine?

  El Salvador, Nicaragua, and Grenada
• What new policy did Reagan announce in 1983?

  Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI)
• What was the nickname of Reagan’s Strategic Defense Initiative?

  ‘Star Wars’
• What was the Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI)?

  A system of satellites to shoot down missiles
• What did Reagan deliberately not reveal about the Strategic Defense Initiative?

  It was only an idea, not ready
• Why did Reagan try to increase pressure on the Soviet Union in the early 1980s?

  To pressure the Soviet economy through military spending
• Who became Soviet leader in 1985?

  Mikhail Gorbachev
• What problems was the Soviet Union facing when Gorbachev became leader?

  Low growth, unrest, instability, poor leadership
• Who were the three Soviet leaders before Gorbachev, and when did they die?

  Brezhnev 1982, Andropov 1984, Chernenko 1985
• What disaster in the USSR in 1986 increased Gorbachev’s desire to reduce nuclear weapons?

  Chernobyl nuclear reactor explosion
• What is meant by Gorbachev’s ‘new thinking’?

  His idea that changes were necessary in the USSR
• What was the Russian word for Gorbachev's reconstruction of the Soviet state and economy?

  Perestroika
• What did Gorbachev’s policy of perestroika involve?

  Incorporating capitalism into the Soviet economy
• What was the Russian word for ‘openness’ in Gorbachev's reforms?

  Glasnost
• What did Gorbachev’s policy of glasnost involve?

  Allowing opposition and free expression
• What fundamental Soviet policy was dropped by Gorbachev?

  Brezhnev Doctrine
• What did Gorbachev decide regarding spending on arms and defense?

  Spending would be reduced
• How did Reagan react to Gorbachev’s ‘new thinking’?

  He saw it as an opportunity to end the Cold War
• When was the Geneva Summit between Reagan and Gorbachev?

  November 1985
• What was the outcome of the Geneva Summit in 1985?

  No formal agreement, desire to improve relations
• At which summit in 1986 did the US promise to give up SDI?

  Reykjavik
• What treaty was agreed upon at the Washington Summit of 1987?

  Intermediate-Range Nuclear Force Treaty (INF)
• What did Gorbachev announce in his speech to the UN in 1988?

  Reduction in Warsaw Pact troops
• Who became President of the USA in 1989?

  George Bush
• What was significant about the Malta Summit of 1989?

  It marked the end of the Cold War
• How did the ending of the Cold War contribute to the end of Soviet control in Eastern Europe?

  Satellite states feared no Soviet intervention
• What happened in May 1989 in Hungary?

  The fence with Austria was taken down
• What effect did the removal of the fence between Hungary and Austria have in East Germany?

  East Germans started crossing to the West
• What was the name of the Polish trade union that challenged the communist government?

  Solidarity
• What happened in Poland in June 1989?

  Solidarity was legalized and won elections
• What did the East German government announce in November 1989?

  Crossing to West Berlin would be opened
• When did the Berlin Wall fall?

  9 November 1989
• Why was the fall of the Berlin Wall significant?

  It symbolized the end of Soviet control
• Why was the fall of the Berlin Wall not that significant in terms of division?

  East Germans had crossed to the West already
• What was the nickname for the overthrow of the Communist regime in Czechoslovakia in 1989?

  The ‘Velvet Revolution’
• What happened in Czechoslovakia’s ‘Velvet Revolution’ in November 1989?

  Communist government overthrown, Havel elected
• Who was the Communist leader of Romania overthrown in 1989?

  Nicolae Ceausescu
• What was formally dissolved in July 1991?

  Warsaw Pact
• When did Germany reunite?

  October 1991