midterms

• What are the two main types of immunity?

  Innate and adaptive immunity

  
• What is the primary function of innate immunity?

  Provides constant and rapid protection

  
• Does innate immunity require previous exposure to be activated?

  No, it does not require previous exposure
• What is the role of adaptive immunity?

  Develops after exposure to a virus

  
• Which cells are involved in adaptive immunity?

  T and B lymphocytes

  
• What is a key feature of T and B lymphocytes?

  They exhibit memory for quick reactivation
• How do cells mediating innate immunity respond to viruses?

  They do not respond to specific viral antigens

  
• What do cells activated by the presence of a virus produce?

  Cytokines that affect other cells
• What are interleukins?

  Cytokines made by lymphocytes
• What is the key family of cytokines involved in antiviral resistance?

  Interferons
• What is Type I interferon also known as?


  Includes IFN-𝛂

  
• What does Type II interferon do?

  Central to both innate and adaptive immunity

  
• What is Type III interferon designated as?

  IFN-λ

  
• How is Type I interferon induced?

  Via pattern recognition receptors (PRRs)
• What do Toll-like receptors (TLRs) detect?

  Pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)
• Which TLRs bind ssRNA?

  TLR7 & TLR8
• Which TLR detects dsRNA?

  TLR3
• What happens when Type I interferon is released?

  Stimulates adjacent cells via INFAR
• What can the innate immune response do to viral infections?

  Control or eliminate the infection early

  
• What are Natural Killer (NK) cells specialized for?

  Killing virus-infected and tumor cells

  
• Do NK cells have antigen-specific receptors?

  No, they lack antigen-specific receptors
• How do NK cells recognize target cells?

  By binding to PAMPs on target cells
• What is the effect of reduced class I MHC expression on infected cells?

  Activates NK cell signals
• How do NK cells kill virus-infected cells?

  By inducing apoptosis

  
• What is the role of dendritic cells (DCs) in immunity?

  Initiate adaptive immune response

  
• What do dendritic cells express that is critical for T cell activation?

  Class II MHC proteins

  
• What is humoral immunity mediated by?

  Antibodies secreted by plasma cells
• What is the primary function of plasma cells?

  Secrete antibodies
• What are the two main components of adaptive immunity?

  Humoral and cell-mediated immunity

  
• What are the five classes of antibodies?

  IgM, IgG, IgA, IgE, IgD
• What is the primary location of IgM antibodies?

  Found primarily in blood
• What is the principal class of antibody in blood?

  IgG
• What is the main antibody in secretions?

  IgA
• What is the role of IgE antibodies?

  Mediates allergic reactions
• What is the function of IgD antibodies?

  Expressed on naïve B cells
• What are some viral mechanisms of avoidance and escape?

  Shutdown host macromolecule synthesis
• What is one way viruses prevent NK-cell-mediated lysis?

  Avoidance of CTL-mediated killing
• What is a type of vaccine that uses live-attenuated viruses?

  Live-attenuated virus vaccines
• What are inactivated (killed) whole virion vaccines?

  Vaccines made from killed viruses
• What are subunit vaccines produced from?

  Expression of viral proteins