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• What are the characteristics of Enterobacteriaceae?

  Small, straight rods, Gram negative

  
• Where are Enterobacteriaceae commonly found?

  Soil, water, decaying matter, large bowel
• Which Enterobacteriaceae are non-motile?

  Shigella, Klebsiella, Yersinia
• What metabolic processes do all Enterobacteriaceae share?

  Facultative anaerobes, ferment glucose, oxidase negative

  
• What diseases are associated with Salmonella?

  Gastroenteritis, Typhoid fever, Zoonoses

  
• What type of flagella does Salmonella have?

  Peritrichous flagella
• What is the antigenic structure of Salmonella?

  O, H, and Vi antigens

  
• What does the O antigen in Salmonella consist of?

  Heat stable long chain lipopolysaccharides

  
• How does the H antigen contribute to Salmonella serotyping?

  Forms basis of flagella based serotyping
• What is the significance of the Vi antigen in Salmonella?

  Surface polysaccharides, not in all serotypes
• What classification systems were used for Salmonella?

  Kaufmanns-White and Edwards-Ewing systems

  
• What is the scientific classification of Salmonella?

  Kingdom: Bacteria, Phylum: Proteobacteria

  
• Where can S. enterica be found?

  Digestive tracts of humans and animals

  
• How can food and water become contaminated with Salmonella?

  Contact with feces of infected individuals
• What is the host range of Salmonella serotypes?

  Some infect multiple mammals, others are restricted

  
• How do Salmonella serotypes evolve?

  Through horizontal gene transfer

  
• How are Salmonella serotypes categorized clinically?

  Typhoidal and non-typhoidal based on disease

  
• What is the transmission route for Salmonella?

  Ingestion of contaminated food and water

  
• What are common animal sources of Salmonella?

  Poultry, eggs, beef, milk

  
• What allows Salmonella to survive stomach acid?

  Acid-tolerance genes

  
• What is a hallmark of Salmonella pathogenesis?

  Survival and proliferation within phagocytes

  
• What do phagocytes produce as a defense against Salmonella?

  DNA damaging agents like nitric oxide

  
• What are the clinical manifestations of Salmonella infection?

  Gastrointestinal infection, enteric fever, bacteremia

  
• How can Salmonella infections remain latent?

  Function of reticular endothelial cells deteriorates

  
• What specimens are used for laboratory diagnosis of Salmonella?

  Stool samples, blood cultures, bone marrow cultures

  
• What is the gold standard for diagnosing typhoid fever?

  Culture

  
• What treatments are used for enteric fever caused by Salmonella?

  Ciprofloxacin and Ceftriaxone

  
• What is the treatment for Salmonella meningitis?

  Cefotaxime and Ceftriaxone

  
• What is the purpose of vaccination against Salmonella?

  Prevent typhoid and paratyphoid fever

  
• What are WHO recommendations for travelers regarding food safety?

  Ensure food is properly cooked and hot

  
• What are the Five keys to safer food according to WHO?

  Keep clean, separate raw and cooked, cook thoroughly

  
• What practices are recommended for growing safer fruits and vegetables?

  Good hygiene, protect fields from contamination
• What is the importance of managing water quality in aquaculture?

  Protect public health
• What are the virulence factors of Salmonella?

  • Enterotoxin (causes diarrhea)
  • LPS (causes fever)
  • Cytotoxin (inhibits host cell synthesis)
  • Anti-phagocytic proteins
  • Vi antigen (adherence)
  • H antigen (motility)

  
• What are the differences between typhoidal and non-typhoidal Salmonella diseases?

  • Typhoidal:
  • Transmitted human-to-human
  • Causes typhoid/paratyphoid fever
  • Non-typhoidal:
  • Transmitted animal-to-human and human-to-human
  • Causes gastroenteritis

  
• What are the steps in the pathogenesis of invasive non-typhoidal Salmonella disease?

  1. Ingestion
  2. Survival in stomach
  3. Invasion of small intestine
  4. Intracellular survival and growth
  5. Dissemination to blood and organs

  
• What are the clinical patterns of Salmonella infection?

  1. Gastrointestinal tract infection
  2. Enteric fever
  3. Bacteremia
  4. Metastatic infection
  5. Chronic reservoir state
• What laboratory methods are used for Salmonella diagnosis?

  • Stool culture
  • Blood culture
  • Bone marrow culture
  • Selective media (DCA, XLD, SS)
  • Slide agglutination for O antigen

  
• What are the treatment options for chronic asymptomatic carriers of Salmonella?

  • Ampicillin
  • Amoxicillin
  • Cotrimoxazole
  • Ciprofloxacin
  • Cholecystectomy if biliary tract is involved

  
• What are the WHO recommendations for food safety during travel?

  • Ensure food is cooked and hot
  • Avoid raw milk and products
  • Drink only pasteurized or boiled milk
  • Boil questionable drinking water
  • Wash hands frequently