week 8

• Neuman- System model
• Neuman- 1924 in Ohio
• Neuman System Model - a unique, open-system-based perspective that provides a unifying focus for approaching a wide range of concerns.
• system acts as a boundary for a single client, a group, or even several groups;
• Neuman System Model - defined as a social issue.
• Neuman System Model focuses on the different stressors patients have and ways to relieve the stress from the different stressors
• Stressors are internal and external affects the patient.
• Clients are viewed as wholes whose parts are in dynamic interaction.
• Open System- there is a continuous flow of input and processes, output, and feedback.
• Input and Output -are the matter, energy, and information that are exchanged between the client and the environment.
• Feedback- output in the form of matter, energy, and information serves as future input for corrective action to change, enhance, or stabilize the system
• Negentropy- The process of energy conservation that assists the system in the progression toward stability or wellness;
• Stability- dynamic and desirable state of balance in which energy exchanges can take place without disruption of the character of the system, which points toward optimal health and integrity
• Created Environment- developed unconsciously by the client to express system wholeness symbolically. I
• Client System - a composite of five variables (physiological, psychological, sociocultural, developmental, and spiritual) in interaction with the environme
• Lines of Resistance- rings represent resource factors that help the client defend against a stressor; serve as protection factors that are activated by stressors penetrating the normal line of defense
• Normal Line of Defense- It represents the adaptational level of health developed over the course of time and serves as the standard by which to measure wellness deviation.
• Flexible Line of Defense- It is perceived as serving as a protective buffer for preventing stressors from breaking through the usual wellness state as represented by the normal line of defense.
• Illness- exists at the opposite end of the continuum from wellness and represents a state of instability and energy depletion
• Stressors- are tension-producing stimuli that have the potential to disrupt system stability, leading to an outcome that may be positive or negative
• degree of reaction represents system instability that occurs when stressors invade the normal line of defense
• Interventions are purposeful actions to help the client retain, attain, or maintain system stability
• Primary Prevention- used when a stressor is suspected or identified. A reaction has not yet occurred, The purpose is to reduce the possibility of encounter with the stressor or to decrease the possibility of a reaction
• Secondary Prevention- involves interventions or treatment initiated after symptoms from stress have occurred.
• Tertiary Prevention- occurs after the active treatment or secondary prevention stage. It focuses on readjustment toward optimal client system stability. The goal is to maintain optimal wellness by preventing recurrence of reaction or
• Roy's Theory : Adaptation Model
• Roy - , was born on October 14, 1939, in Los Angeles, California
• Ray adaptation model - occurs when people respond positively to environmental changes, and it is the process and outcome of individuals and groups who use conscious awareness, self-reflection, and choice to create human and environmental integration.
• system is “a set of parts connected to function as a whole for some purpose and that does so by virtue of the interdependence of its parts”
• Adaptation Level - “A constantly changing point, made up of focal, contextual, and residual stimuli, which represent the person’s own standard of the range of stimuli to which one can respond with ordinary adaptive responses”
• Adaptation problems are “broad areas of concern related to adaptation. These describe the difficulties related to the indicators of positive adaptation
• focal stimulus is “the internal or external stimulus most immediately confronting the human system”
• Contextual stimuli - “are all other stimuli present in the situation that contribute to the effect of the focal stimulus”
• Residual Stimuli - “Are environmental factors within or without the human system with effects in the current situation that are unclear”
• Coping Processes - “Are innate or acquired ways of interacting with the changing environment”
• Innate Coping Mechanisms - “are genetically determined or common to the species and are generally viewed as automatic processes
• Acquired Coping Mechanisms - “Are developed through strategies such as learning. The experiences encountered throughout life contribute to customary responses to particular stimuli”
• Regulator is “a major coping process involving the neural, chemical, and endocrine systems”
• Cognator is “a major coping process involving four cognitive-emotive channels: perceptual and information processing, learning, judgment, and emotion”
• Relationships occur when internal and external stimuli affect more than one mode