week 9

• Boykin- born in 1944, Wisconsin
• Schoenhoffer- borrn in 1940, Kansas
• Schoenhofer- co-founded nightingale songs
• Schoenhofer & Boykin - Theory of Nursing as Caring
• The focus of nursing: Discipline of knowledge and professional practice is nurturing persons living and growing in caring relationships
• The general intention of nursing is to know persons as caring and to support and sustain them as they live caring
• Caring is expressed in nursing and is “the intentional and authentic presence of the nurse with another who is recognized as living in caring and growing in caring”
• Sensitivity and skill in creating unique and effective ways of communicating caring are developed through the nurse’s intention to care
• Caring is a process, and throughout life, each person grows in the capacity to express caring
• Personhood - a process of living that is grounded in caring.
• Direct invitation - opens the relationship to true caring between the nurse and the one nursed.
• Direct invitation - The focus is on what is meaningful for the one being nursed
• Call for nursing - are calls for nurturance perceived in the mind of the nurse.
• Metaparadigm:

  Persons are caring by virtue of their humanness
• Dance of Caring Persons - A visual representation of the theoretical assertion that lived caring between the nurse and the nursed expresses underlying relationships.
• MELEIS's theory : Transition Theory
• Meleis - She was born in 1942, in Alexandria, Egypt.
• Meleis- Her mother is considered the Florence Nightingale of the Middle East.
• Transitions Theory - began with observations of experiences faced as people deal with changes related to health, well-being, and the ability to care for themselves
• Transition theory - developmental, health and illness, situational, and organizational
• Developmental transition includes birth, adolescence, menopause, aging (or senescence), and death.
• Health and illness transitions include recovery process, hospital discharge, and diagnosis of chronic illness.
• Organizational transitions refer to changing environmental conditions that affect the lives of clients, as well as workers within them
• Patterns of transitions include multiplicity and complexity.
• Awareness is defined as perception, knowledge, and recognition of a transition experience
• Engagement refers to the degree to which a person demonstrates involvement in the process inherent in the transition
• Changes in identities, roles, relationships, abilities, and patterns of behavior are supposed to bring a sense of movement or direction to internal processes, as well as external processes asserted that all transitions involve
• Time span: all transitions may be characterized as flowing and moving over time
• Personal conditions include meanings, cultural beliefs and attitudes, socioeconomic status, preparation, and knowledge.
• Community conditions (e.g., community resources) or societal conditions (e.g., marginalization of immigrants in the host country) could be facilitators or inhibitors for transitions
• Patterns of response are conceptualized as process indicators and outcome indicators and these characterize healthy responses.
• Process indicators that move clients in the direction of healthy or toward vulnerability and risk allow early assessment and intervention by nurses to facilitate healthy outcomes. This include feeling connected, interacting, being situated, and developing confidence and coping
• Outcome indicators may be used to check if a transition is a healthy one or not, but Meleis warned that outcome indicators may be related to other events in people’s lives if they are examined too soon in a transition process.
• role supplementation was introduced theoretically and empirically by Meleis and was used by many researchers
• Metaparadigm:

  Nursing: - Primary caregivers of clients and their families who are undergoing transitions
• NOLA J. PENDER' theory: HEALTH PROMOTION MODEL
• Meleis's theory: Transition model
• Pender - ◦ Currently retired, and spends her time consulting on health promotion research nationally and internationally
• Health promotion is defined as behavior motivated by the desire to increase well-being and actualize human health potential. It is an approach to wellness.
• Health protection is described as behavior motivated desire to actively avoid illness, detect it early, or maintain functioning within illness constraints