C2

• What are the three states of matter?

  Solid, liquid, gas

  
• What is a limitation of the particle model of matter?

  Particles are shown as solid spheres
• What is the symbol for solid state?


  (s)
• What is the symbol for liquid state?

  (l)
• What is the symbol for gas state?

  (g)
• What is an atom?

  The smallest particle of a chemical element
• What defines an element?

  A chemical made of one type of atom
• What is an ion?

  A particle with a positive or negative charge
• What is an electrostatic force?

  The attraction between oppositely charged particles
• What is a chemical bond?

  The force of attraction that holds particles together
• What is a molecule?

  A small group of atoms held by covalent bonds
• What is an alloy?

  A material with a metal and another element
• What does 'delocalised' mean in chemistry?

  Free to move
• What does 'malleable' mean?

  Can be bent and shaped
• What is the melting point?

  The temperature at which solids melt
• What happens at the boiling point?

  Liquids boil and gases condense
• What is required for a material to conduct electricity?

  Charged particles that can move
• Why do chemicals bond?

  To achieve full outer shells of electrons
• What occurs in ionic bonding?

  Electrons are transferred between atoms
• What is the structure of ionic compounds?

  Giant ionic lattice held by electrostatic forces
• What are the properties of ionic compounds?

  High melting/boiling points and conduct when molten
• What happens to metals during ion formation?

  Metals lose electrons forming positive ions

  
• What happens to non-metals during ion formation?

  Non-metals gain electrons forming negative ions
• What characterizes metallic bonding?

  Delocalised electrons forming positive metal ions

  
• What are the properties of metals?

  High melting/boiling points and conduct electricity
• Why are alloys harder than pure metals?

  Different sizes prevent layers from sliding
• What are the limitations of molecular models?

  • Do not show bonding electrons
  • Do not show chemical bonds
  • Do not show 3D structure
• What is the structure of covalent molecular compounds?

  Small molecules with strong intramolecular bonds
• What are the properties of covalent molecular compounds?

  Low melting/boiling points and do not conduct electricity
• How does the size of molecules affect their melting and boiling points?

  Increases as molecules get bigger
• What is diamond's structure?

  Each carbon forms four covalent bonds
• Why is diamond very hard?

  Strong covalent bonds create a rigid structure
• Why does diamond not conduct electricity?

  Electrons are held between the atoms
• What is graphite's structure?

  Layers of hexagonal rings of carbon atoms

  
• Why can graphite conduct electricity?

  Delocalised electrons can move freely
• What is graphene?

  A single layer of graphite
• What are carbon nanotubes?

  Cylindrical fullerenes with high length to diameter ratios
• What are fullerenes?

  Large molecules of carbon with hollow shapes
• What are giant covalent structures?

  Atoms linked to other atoms by strong covalent bonds
• What are the properties of giant covalent structures?

  High melting/boiling points and do not conduct electricity