Industrial Medicine (history)

• What is vaccination?

  A process to build immunity against diseases
• What does inoculation involve?

  Giving a mild dose of smallpox
• What was smallpox?

  A disease that killed millions
• What did Jenner notice about milkmaids and cowpox?

  Cowpox protects against smallpox
• How did Jenner test his vaccine?

  He rubbed pus on a child's arm
• What was the longer-term impact of the smallpox vaccination?

  Complete eradication of smallpox
• What is notable about smallpox eradication?

  Only disease humans have eradicated
• How much money did the British government give Jenner?

  £30,000
• What law did the government pass in 1852?

  Making the vaccine compulsory
• What contributed to fears over vaccination effectiveness?

  Unsanitary early vaccination practices
• Why were people fearful of the vaccine?

  Jenner could not explain how it worked
• What nickname was given to Mary Seacole?

  Mother Seacole
• What did Florence Nightingale do in 1859?

  Wrote 'Notes on Nursing'
• What was a common problem in hospitals?

  Poor ventilation and lack of fresh air
• What did Mary Seacole create in Crimea?

  British Hotel hospital
• How did Nightingale use statistics?

  To back up her recommendations
• What were the improvements made by Florence Nightingale?

  • Improvement in hospital hygiene
  • Reduction in death rates in military hospitals
  • Improvement in the design of hospitals
  • Improvement in education and training of nurses
• How many people died in Soho from cholera in 1854?

  700 people
• How did John Snow investigate the cholera outbreak?

  He plotted deaths on a map
• What were John Snow's three discoveries?

  Removing the pump stopped deaths
• What event prompted the government to invest in sewer systems?

  Hot summer caused sewage exposure
• What did Pasteur discover about bacteria?

  Bacteria can contaminate wine
• What is pasteurization?

  Heating to kill bacteria in liquids
• What did Pasteur's experiments help prove?

  Germ theory of disease
• What did Pasteur's work lead to in terms of public health?

  Improved understanding of disease spread
• What were the key contributions of John Snow to public health?

  • Linked cholera to contaminated water
  • Advocated for improved sewer systems
  • Pioneered mapping disease outbreaks
• What were the key contributions of Pasteur to microbiology?

  • Developed pasteurization
  • Proved germ theory of disease
  • Conducted experiments on fermentation
• What event in 1858 caused the River Thames to dry up?

  The Great Stink
• Who was the scientist that investigated wine contamination?

  Louis Pasteur
• What process did Pasteur develop to eliminate bacteria in milk?

  Pasteurization
• What temperature was used in pasteurization?

  High temperature
• What did Pasteur prove about bacteria in wine?

  Bacteria can contaminate wine
• What did Pasteur's experiments contribute to?

  The germ theory of disease
• What did Pasteur conclude about germs in the air?

  Germs live in the air
• How did Pasteur's findings challenge spontaneous generation?

  Germs cause decay, not the reverse
• Who was Robert Koch?

  A German scientist studying infectious diseases
• What was Koch's main achievement?

  Identifying specific bacteria causing diseases
• What method did Koch develop to visualize bacteria?

  Staining bacteria with special dyes
• How did Koch use photography in his research?

  To document his findings with clarity
• What was significant about Koch's methods?

  They could be easily replicated by others