Overview

• What is the rate of reaction?

  How quickly a reaction happens
• How is the rate of reaction calculated?

  Change in quantity divided by time
• What can be measured to determine the rate of reaction?

  Mass of reactant used or product formed
• What does the mean rate of reaction represent?

  The average rate over the time measured
• What indicates an increase in turbidity during the reaction?

  The solution becomes cloudy
• When do we stop the timer in the turbidity experiment?

  When the cross is no longer visible
• How does temperature affect the rate of reaction?

  Higher temperature decreases reaction time
• What is the rate of a reaction?

  The change in quantity divided by time
• Why does increasing temperature increase the rate of a reaction?

  It causes the reacting particles to move faster and collide with more energy
• What is the general formula for alkanes?

  $C_nH_{2n+2}$
• How does fractional distillation separate crude oil into different fractions?

  The crude oil is heated and the different length alkanes evaporate and condense at different heights in the fractionating column based on their boiling points
• What is the name of the fraction of crude oil that contains alkanes up to 4 carbons long?

  LPG (Liquid Petroleum Gas)
• How can you test if a substance contains an alkene?

  Add bromine water, if it turns colorless it contains an alkene
• What is the name of the functional group in alcohols?

  Hydroxyl (-OH)
• How do alcohols react with oxygen in combustion?

  Complete combustion produces carbon dioxide and water, incomplete combustion produces carbon monoxide and water
• What is the name of the functional group in carboxylic acids?

  Carboxyl (-COOH)
• What type of polymerization occurs when an alcohol and a carboxylic acid react to form an ester?

  Condensation polymerization
• What are the two functional groups present in amino acids?

  Amino (-NH2) and carboxyl (-COOH)
• What are the four monomers that make up DNA?

  Nucleotides
• What are the key differences between qualitative and quantitative research methods?

  Qualitative:

  • Provides in-depth, rich data
  • Flexible and adaptable
  • Captures complex phenomena
  • Difficult to replicate

  
  

  Quantitative:

  • Provides numerical data
  • Allows statistical analysis
  • Findings can be generalized
  • Easier to replicate
• What is the purpose of chromatography?

  To separate the components of a mixture
• What are the strengths and weaknesses of using melting point and boiling point to test the purity of a substance?

  Strengths:

  • Pure substances have a specific, sharp melting/boiling point
  • Can indicate the presence of impurities

  
  

  Weaknesses:

  • May not detect all impurities
  • Does not identify the specific impurities present
  • Only works for pure substances, not mixtures/formulations
• What is a formulation?

  A mixture that has been specially designed to be useful for a specific purpose
• How does fractional distillation separate the components of crude oil?

  • Crude oil is heated and vaporized
  • The vapors rise up the fractionating column
  • Different length alkanes condense at different heights based on their boiling points
  • This separates the crude oil into fractions like LPG, petrol, kerosene, diesel, etc.
• How can you test for the presence of an alkene using chemical tests?

  • Add bromine water
  • If the bromine water decolorizes, it indicates the presence of an alkene
• How do the properties of alcohols change as the carbon chain length increases?

  • Shorter alcohols (1-4 carbons) are soluble in water
  • Longer alcohols become less soluble in water and more viscous
• How do alcohols and carboxylic acids react to form esters?

  • The alcohol and carboxylic acid undergo a condensation reaction
  • This produces an ester molecule and water as a byproduct
• What are the monomers that make up the biopolymers starch and cellulose?

  • Starch is made from glucose monomers
  • Cellulose is made from beta-glucose monomers
• How do the structures of DNA and proteins differ in terms of their monomers and polymerization?

  DNA:

  • Monomers are nucleotides
  • Polymerized through condensation reactions

  
  

  Proteins:

  • Monomers are amino acids
  • Polymerized through condensation reactions
• How can chromatography be used to separate the components of a mixture?

  • The mixture is dissolved in a solvent and applied to a stationary phase
  • The components of the mixture travel at different rates through the stationary phase
  • This separates the components based on their relative affinities for the stationary phase
• What are the advantages and limitations of using melting point and boiling point to test the purity of a substance?

  Advantages:

  • Pure substances have a sharp, specific melting/boiling point
  • Can indicate the presence of impurities

  
  

  Limitations:

  • May not detect all impurities
  • Does not identify specific impurities
  • Only works for pure substances, not mixtures/formulations
• What is the purpose of a formulation?

  A formulation is a mixture that has been specially designed to be useful for a specific purpose, with carefully controlled quantities of different substances.
• What structure do DNA polymers form?

  Double helix
• What are the monomers of DNA?

  Nucleotides
• What is starch made from?

  Glucose
• What type of glucose is cellulose made from?

  Beta glucose
• What are the monomers of proteins?

  Amino acids
• Why is obtaining pure substances important in chemistry?

  To accurately determine their properties
• How can we tell if a substance is pure?

  By testing its melting or boiling point
• What is a formulation?

  A specially designed mixture