globalisation

• What does the topic of this study material cover?

  Globalisation, green crime, human rights, state crime
• How does globalisation affect crime?

  It increases opportunities for cross-border crime
• What is 'green crime'?

  Crimes that harm the global environment
• What is the relationship between states and human rights abuses?

  States often perpetrate abuses they claim to prevent
• How do David Held et al. define globalisation?

  Widening, deepening, speeding up of interconnectedness
• What are some causes of globalisation?

  ICT spread, global media, cheap travel
• What is the estimated worth of the global criminal economy?

  Over £1 trillion per annum
• What is one form of trafficking mentioned in the study material?

  Trafficking in women and children
• How much do the Chinese Triads reportedly make from smuggling illegal immigrants?

  Estimated $2.5 billion annually
• What is a consequence of globalisation on drug-producing countries?

  Impoverished populations turn to drug cultivation
• What percentage of Colombia's population depends on cocaine production?

  Approximately 20%
• What does 'risk consciousness' refer to in the context of globalisation?

  Seeing risk as a global rather than local issue
• What has increased social control in the UK regarding immigration?

  Toughened border control regulations
• What is one effect of media coverage on public perception of immigrants?

  Creates moral panics about immigration threats
• What is one method used by European states to prevent illegal crossings?

  Introduction of fences and CCTV
• How has globalisation affected the pattern of crime according to Ian Taylor?

  Created greater inequality and rising crime
• What is one consequence of deregulation in financial markets?

  Opportunities for insider trading
• What do Rothe and Friedrichs argue about international financial organisations?

  They impose neoliberal programs causing crime
• What was the impact of the World Bank's programs on Rwanda?

  Caused mass unemployment and genocide
• How do Hobbs and Dunningham describe new patterns of crime organization?

  Loose-knit networks around individual hubs
• What term describes the new criminal organizations emerging in Russia?

  McMafia
• What led to the rise of the McMafia?

  Fall of communism and market deregulation
• How do Hobbs and Dunningham's findings contrast with traditional crime organizations?

  Shift from hierarchical to flexible networks
• What is a key characteristic of the new criminal opportunities created by globalisation?

  Increased subcontracting and flexible work
• What is the relationship between globalisation and the drugs trade?

  Globalisation facilitates the drugs trade globally
• How does the global criminal economy function?

  It has both demand and supply sides
• What is the impact of globalisation on crime rates according to left realists?

  Increased materialism leads to higher crime
• What is the estimated annual value of money laundering from organized crime?

  Up to $1.5 trillion per year
• What does the term 'glocal' refer to in crime organization?

  Local crime with global connections
• How do Hobbs and Dunningham's conclusions about crime organization challenge previous views?

  They suggest coexistence of old and new structures
• What is the significance of the term 'oligarchs' in the context of McMafia?

  Refers to wealthy individuals exploiting deregulation
• What is one consequence of the fall of communism in Russia?

  Emergence of transnational organized crime
• How did the collapse of the Soviet state affect crime?

  Increased disorder and reliance on mafias
• What is the relationship between globalisation and local crime patterns?

  Globalisation influences but does not dictate local crime
• What happened to the prices of commodities after the fall of communism in Russia?

  They remained at old Soviet prices
• Who could buy natural resources at low prices in post-communist Russia?

  Former communist officials and KGB generals
• How did the fall of communism affect the emergence of the capitalist class in Russia?

  It allowed individuals to profit from cheap resources
• What role did the mafias play for capitalists in Russia?

  They provided protection for their wealth
• What was unique about the new Russian mafias compared to traditional mafias?

  They were purely economic organizations
• How did the Chechen mafia expand its influence?

  By franchising operations to non-Chechen groups