Psychopathology

• What are the definitions of abnormality discussed?

  • Deviation from social norms
  • Failure to function adequately
  • Statistical infrequency
  • Deviation from ideal mental health
• What are social norms?

  Unwritten behavioral expectations in society
• Who are social deviants?

  Individuals who break societal norms
• Why is diagnosing abnormality according to social norms considered not ethnocentric?

  It respects non-western cultural perspectives
• What is a criticism of defining abnormality through social norms?

  It can mislabel cultural behaviors as abnormal
• What does failure to function adequately refer to?

  Inability to cope with daily life challenges
• What are Rosenhan and Seligman's features of maladaptive behavior?

  Unpredictable actions, personal anguish, discomfort
• How does statistical infrequency define abnormality?

  By identifying rare mental conditions in the population
• What is the negative aspect of statistical infrequency?

  Not all rare traits are negative
• What does deviation from ideal mental health focus on?

  Features of ideal mental health rather than abnormality
• What are the six features of ideal mental health according to Joda?

  1. Environmental mastery
  2. Autonomy
  3. Resisting stress
  4. Self-actualization
  5. Positive attitude to oneself
  6. Accurate perception of reality
• What is a characteristic of phobias?

  Behavioral avoidance of phobic objects
• What emotional response is associated with phobias?

  High and persistent anxiety
• What cognitive aspect is involved in phobias?

  Irrational thoughts and exaggerated fears
• What is a behavioral characteristic of depression?

  Reduction in activity level
• What emotional state is commonly associated with depression?

  Persistent low mood and sadness
• What cognitive feature is linked to depression?

  Poor concentration and negative schemas
• What is a behavioral characteristic of OCD?

  Compulsions performed to reduce anxiety
• What cognitive aspect is involved in OCD?

  Intrusive and irrational thoughts
• What is the two-process model in explaining phobias?

  Acquisition through classical conditioning and maintenance via operant conditioning
• What is the role of classical conditioning in phobias?

  Associating a neutral stimulus with a fear response
• How does operant conditioning maintain phobias?

  Avoidance behavior reduces anxiety, reinforcing the phobia
• What is generalization in the context of phobias?

  Conditioned fear response extends to similar stimuli
• What is systematic desensitization?

  A therapy that gradually exposes clients to phobic stimuli
• What is the goal of flooding therapy?

  Immediate and full exposure to phobic stimuli
• What is a limitation of flooding therapy?

  It may not be suitable for older individuals
• What is the cognitive explanation for depression according to Beck?

  Depression arises from irrational thoughts and negative schemas
• What is Ellis's ABC model in relation to depression?

  It explains how beliefs about events lead to consequences
• What is a criticism of cognitive theories of depression?

  They may overlook the role of environmental factors
• What is the genetic explanation for OCD?

  OCD is inherited through multiple candidate genes
• What is the neural explanation for OCD?

  Low serotonin levels and overactive worry circuit
• What is the diathesis-stress model in relation to OCD?

  It combines genetic vulnerability with environmental stressors
• What type of drugs are primarily used to treat OCD?

  SSRIs (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors)
• How do SSRIs work in treating OCD?

  They inhibit the reuptake of serotonin in the brain
• What is a limitation of drug therapies for OCD?

  They can have significant side effects
• What are the advantages of CBT over drug therapy?

  • Empowers patients with personal efficacy
  • Reduces suicidal events more significantly
  • Addresses cognitive distortions directly
• What are the limitations of CBT and REBT?

  • May focus too much on the present
  • Clients may want to discuss past trauma
  • Requires motivation and commitment from clients
• What is the main goal of the Psychopathology revision video?

  To provide a quick reminder of key points
• What is the significance of the psych boost app?

  It actively tests knowledge using flashcards
• How does the content of the video relate to the broader study of Psychopathology?

  It summarizes key definitions and theories