approaches

• In what year was psychology identified as a separate discipline?

  1879
• Who established the first psychology laboratory?

  Wilhelm Wundt
• What method did Wundt use to investigate the mind?

  Introspection
• What is structuralism in psychology?

  Isolating the structure of consciousness
• What type of conditions were used for introspection in Wundt's studies?

  Strict, controlled conditions
• What was the emphasis of Wundt's introspection method?

  Measurement and replicability
• What did Wundt later concede about higher mental processes?

  They could not be studied scientifically
• Who were key critics of introspection?

  Behaviourist psychologists
• What was a major limitation of introspection according to critics?

  It was an unreliable method
• Why could introspection not be used to study children?

  Children have limited vocabulary
• What is a limitation of introspection regarding animal behavior?

  Animal thoughts cannot be studied
• What complex topics could not be investigated using introspection?

  Learning, development, mental disorders
• What did Watson believe was necessary for psychology to be a science?

  Objective methods emulating natural sciences
• How do psychologists often use introspection today?

  Alongside other scientific methods
• What did Griffiths use introspection to assess?

  Thoughts of regular gamblers
• How is science defined in the study material?

  Systematic study of the natural world
• What qualities define a science according to the material?

  Controlled observations, objectivity, replicability
• What did J.B. Watson criticize about introspection?

  Difficulty in finding generalised principles
• What method did Watson propose for studying psychology?

  Only study observable behavior
• What is the prime empirical method of enquiry in science?

  The experiment
• What are key features of an experiment?

  Control over variables and objective measurement
• How long did experiments dominate psychology?

  Over 50 years
• What revolution reintroduced the study of mental processes?

  The cognitive revolution
• What does the scientific method allow psychologists to do?

  Separate fact from opinion
• What did Loftus's research demonstrate about eyewitness testimony?

  Verbs used affect speed estimates
• How are police interviews conducted to avoid influencing witnesses?

  Carefully, avoiding leading questions
• What process gives psychology credibility as a science?

  Empirical and replicable methods
• What is peer review in psychology?

  Research reviewed by experts for validity
• What is a criticism of laboratory experiments in psychology?

  They may lack external validity
• What was a criticism of Milgram's research?

  Participants may not believe shocks were real
• Why is human behavior different from chemistry in psychology?

  Mental processes are often unobservable
• What is cognitive psychology's approach to mental processes?

  Make inferences based on experimental data

  
• What approach became dominant in psychology in the 1980s?

  The biological approach
• What technology allows the study of physiological processes?

  EEG machines
• What discipline combines cognitive and biological processes?

  Cognitive neuroscience
• What do humanists like Maslow oppose in psychology?

  The traditional scientific approach
• What unique case revealed findings about brain damage and memory?

  Clive Wearing
• What does the scientific method attempt to apply to psychology?

  General laws of behavior
• What was the main focus of Pavlov's research?

  Classical conditioning
• Why was Pavlov's research considered scientifically credible?

  It used objective experiments and controlled variables