B1 - Cell Biology

• Ribosome

  Organelle responsible for protein synthesis

  
• Nucleus

  Contains the cell's DNA

  
• Mitochondria

  The site of respiration

  
• Cell membrane

  Controls what goes in and out of the cell

  
• Chloroplasts

  Organelle responsible for photosynthesis

  
• Cell wall

  Found in plant and bacteria cells and supports the cell

  
• Vacuole

  Found in plant cells and contains cell sap

  
• Plasmid

  Circular loop of DNA found in bacteria

  
• DNA


  Deoxyribonucleic acid

  
• Chlorophyll

  Green pigment found in chloroplasts

  
• Genetic material


  The cell's DNA

  
• Cytoplasm

  Where chemical reactions take place

  
• Prokaryotic

  Cells which do not have a nucleus such as bacteria

  
• Eukaryotic

  Cells which have a nucleus such as animal and plant cells

  
• Flagella

  Found on bacteria to help them swim

  
• Cellulose

  Material found in plant cell walls

  
• Sperm cell

  Digestive enzymes in head, lots of mitochondria and a tail for swimming
• Nerve cell

  Lots of dendrites, a long axon and and lots of mitochondria
• Muscle cells

  Contain special proteins, lots of mitochondria and can store glycogen
• Root hair cells

  Large surface area, large vacuole and lots of mitochondria
• Xylem cells


  Contain lignin, dead hollow cells and very strong
• Phloem cells


  Contain sieve plates, no internal organelles and supported by companion cells
• Diffusion

  The movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration
• Osmosis

  The passive net movement of water from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration across a partially permeable membrane
• Hypertonic solution

  A solution which contains more solute outside than inside the cell
• Hypotonic solution

  A solution which contains less solute outside than inside the cell
• Isotonic solution

  A solution which contains the same concentration of solute as inside the cell
• Turgid

  When plant cells are full of water, which in turn keeps the leaves and stems of the plant firm
• Plasmolysed


  When plant cells are lacking water, which in turn makes a plant wilt
• Lysis

  When an animal cell bursts as a result of absorbing too much water (no cell wall to support it)
• Active transport

  The movement of particles against the concentration gradient, from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration across a partially permeable membrane
• Example of active transport

  Plants move mineral ions from the soil into the roots against a concentration gradient
• Example of diffusion


  Oxygen moves from the alveoli to red blood cells
• Example of osmosis


  Plants absorb water from the soil into their roots which in turn moves up the stem to the leaves where it is used in photosynthesis
• Label:

  A) Prokaryotic

  B) Eukaryotic

  
• Label:

  A) Cells

  B) Organ

  C) Organism

  
• Label:

  A) Cytoplasm

  B) Chloroplast

  C) Vacuole

  
• What do microscopes allow us to see?

  Things that we can’t see with the naked eye
• How do light microscopes form an image?


  They use light and lenses
• What is the primary difference between light microscopes and electron microscopes?


  Electron microscopes use electrons to form an image